How Can We Sustain the Demand for Eggs?
Joyce D’Silva, John Webster in The Meat Crisis, 2017
The welfare disadvantages are that the hens may be exposed to weather extremes and also to predation. There is a relatively high risk of infection by internal parasites particularly Coccidia spp. and of infestation by external parasites especially Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) (Rodenburg et al., 2008; Fossum et al., 2009). The risk of feather pecking and cannibalism is also greater in all non-cage systems. This is probably because this behavioural abnormality can be culturally transmitted. Therefore, if there are a few primary peckers in a population of hens, their feather pecking behaviour can spread widely if they are in a very large group, but it is greatly restricted when they are divided up a few hens to a cage. Moreover they have many more potential ‘victims’.
Cryptosporidium spp
Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta in Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Difficulty in separating or identifying the roles of the different components of the neonatal calf diarrhea complex, along with the finding of asymptomatic Cryptosporidium sp. infections has led some to question the role of this coccidian as a primary pathogen (94). The controversy as to whether Cryptosporidium sp. is a true enteropathogen in the absence of other agents of enteric disease in calves has, to my satisfaction, been resolved. The typical clinical signs of diarrhea and malabsorption, and the characteristic lesions of villous blunting, atrophy, and fusion noted in naturally and experimentally infected animals also occur in gnotobiotic calves monoinfected with C. parvum (79). Heine et al. (79) suggested that malabsorption caused by villous atrophy resulting from accelerated loss of epithelium was the basis for Cryptosporidium-induced diarrhea in these calves. Similar findings also have been published for gnotobiotic pigs (95) and gnotobiotic lambs (96) that were reported to be moninfected with C. patvum. Thus, it appears that most of the C. parvum isolates studied to date are primary pathogens that cause diarrhea in calves. As with any primary enteropathogen, one should expect to find some animals infected with C. parvum that have no clinical signs of illness. The finding of large numbers of infected calves without diarrhea in a herd would suggest that different isolates of C. parvum may vary markedly in their virulence. Such differences in virulence have been suggested by others (1,94).
The Parasitic Protozoa and Helminth Worms
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Coccidia are important sporozoan infections causing a condition known as coccidi-osis in farmed animals, especially fowl bred under conditions of intensive rearing. Humans are infected with three intestinal coccidians Cryptosporidium parvum, isospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, but little is known about the immune responses to any of these. Cryptosporidiosis is an increasingly important disease that is self-limiting and characterized by mild to severe watery diarrhea in healthy individuals but is more persistent and severe and may cause death in AIDS patients. Specific antibodies are found in the serum of infected individuals but nothing is known about their possible relevance.
Allium Sativum Methanolic Extract (garlic) Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Albendazole Against Hydatid Cyst: In Vivo Study
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
K H Haji Mohammadi, M Heidarpour, H Borji
Albendazole therapy (100 mg/kg) has been associated with elevations in serum aminotransferase levels. Combined chemotherapy, using A. sativum ME 10 mL/L together with Albendazole (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum hepatic parameters and normalized hepatic enzymes suggesting that garlic may diminish liver damage. The hepatic variables revealed less liver damage in A. sativum ME10 mL/L and A. sativum ME10 mL/L+ Albendazole 50 groups, when compared to the control group. In rat liver cultures, garlic administration provided protection against histologic and biochemical evidence of damage.19 Moreover, liver injury diminished in coccidia-infected mice treated with A. sativum.20 The hepatoprotective effects of A. sativum could be accredited to increased reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities and decreased lipid peroxidation in liver tissue.21 The antioxidative property of garlic has been previously attributed mostly to its four major chemical components, i.e., allicin, allinin, allyl cysteine, and allyl disulfide.22 It is notable that the antioxidative effect of garlic is also attributed to the impaired action of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).23
Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc 1 inhibitors
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
P. Holland Alday, Aaron Nilsen, J. Stone Doggett
DCQ is highly lipophilic and has a very low aqueous solubility (0.06 µg/mL) [47]. Although these physicochemical properties do not decrease the efficacy of DCQ for intestinal coccidian infections, they are highly undesirable for the treatment of a systemic illness, such as toxoplasmosis. Recently, a series of quinoline-O-carbamate derivatives were synthesized and evaluated (Table 2) with the goal of improving the aqueous solubility of DCQ [48,49]. Compound RMB060 had an EC50 of 0.07 nM against T. gondii tachyzoites in a 72-h assay when added prior to infection compared to DCQ at 1.1 nM. The efficacy of DCQ and RMB060 in preventing vertical transmission was investigated using female mice that were infected orally with T. gondii oocysts on day 7 post-mating and then given DCQ or RMB060 orally at 10 mg/kg on days 9–13 post-mating. While treatment with DCQ resulted in higher neonatal (DCQ, 70% vs control, 40%) and postnatal mortality (DCQ, 11% vs control, 0%), RMB060 resulted in both lower neonatal (RMB060, 17% vs control, 23%) and postnatal mortality (RMB060, 3.8% vs control, 9.2%). Neither compound adversely affected fertility, but neither was able to eliminate vertical transmission.
Anticoccidial effect of Fructus Meliae toosendan extract against Eimeria tenella
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Ting Yong, Meng Chen, Yunhe Li, Xu Song, Yongyuan Huang, Yaqin Chen, Renyong Jia, Yuanfeng Zou, Lixia Li, Lizi Yin, Changliang He, Cheng Lv, Xiaoxia Liang, Gang Ye, Zhongqiong Yin
Broiler chickens (1-day-old), free of coccidiosis, were bought from Guangdong Xinguang Nongmu Co, Ltd (Chengdu, China). The chickens were fed in clean wire cages under a hygienically controlled coccidian-free environment and provided with feed and water without any antibiotics. Chickens were killed by cervical dislocation. The entire procedures were executed as rapidly and painlessly as possible.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
- Coccidiosis
- Spore
- Toxoplasma Gondii
- Meiosis
- Intracellular Parasite
- Conoidasida
- Agamococcidiorida
- Adeleorina
- Eimeriorina