Factors Affecting the Microflora of the Lower Genital Tract of Healthy Women
Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh in Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Numerous other facultative anaerobic bacteria have been reported (Table 2) but the most prevalent are coagulase-negative staphylococci6,10,14,15,22,23 and streptococci.10,14,13,22 It has been assumed, although there is little conclusive information, that the term coagulase-negative staphylococci encompasses primarily Staphylococcus epidermidis but also other species such as S. saphrophyticus. Rarely has full speciation been attempted and it is, therefore, better to consider these species as a group. S. aureus has been found in less than 5% of healthy women.6,10 Of the β-hemolytic streptococci, group B has been found most frequently. It is uncommon to fmd reports of group A strains. There are many studies that show the presence of α - and nonhemolytic strains, although the prevalence has varied from 14 to 27 %.10,14
An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Nancy Khardori in Bench to Bedside, 2018
Staphylococcus aureus is the most virulent and best studied species of this genus. According to the National Healthcare Safety Network data, S. aureus was the most frequently reported pathogen in healthcare- associated infections in 2009 and 2010 (Sievert et al. 2013). One of the defining features of this bacterium is its ability to produce the enzyme coagulase, which is capable of converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Therefore, a coagulase test is often utilized to differentiate S. aureus from other members of the Staphylococcus genus. Additionally, coagulase acts as a virulence factor by blocking phagocytosis by immune cells (Fry 2013). Many of the other pathogenic/opportunistic members of this genus are often referred to as “coagulase negative staphylococci”.
Accident and Emergency
Nagi Giumma Barakat in Get Through, 2006
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria, with S. aureus producing a coagu-lase enzyme (coagulase-positive), while coagulase-negative staphylococci include S. epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which can cause nosocomial infections. Impetigo, paronychia, boils, wound infections, infected eczema and cellulitus are among the surface infections caused by staphylo-cocci infections. Deep infections such as periorbital cellulitus, scalded skin syndrome, pneumonia, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, urinary tract infections and meningitis are caused mainly by S. aureus.
Longevity of hand sanitisers on fingers
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan, Muhammad Yasir, Ajay Kumar Vijay, Mark DP Willcox, Shyam Tummanapalli
The number of bacteria on fingers was variable, as can be seen in Table 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of microbes isolated from fingers after use of a particular hand sanitiser on the different cross-over occasions, and therefore the data for each hand sanitiser is provided. The effect of each hand sanitiser over time on the number of bacteria isolated from the fingers of the participants is given in Figure 1. All the bacteria that were isolated were identified as coagulase negative staphylococci. All participants were university staff or students, and resumed their normal day-to-day activities after use of the hand wash which consisted mostly (90% of participants) of computer use. As there were two few fungi isolated from fingers for a meaningful statistical analysis, all microbial data were combined. All p values presented are Bonferroni corrected.
Hand carriage, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from gynaecological surgical staff
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
An international cohort study reported the non-susceptibility profile of CoNS that were recovered from surgeons, including penicillin (81.4%), erythromycin (39.3%), tetracycline (28%), cefoxitin (26.6%), clindamycin (23.6%), levofloxacin (10.6%), gentamicin (6.3%) and linezolid (0.1%) (Morgenstern et al.2016). In this study, the non-susceptibility profile of erythromycin (80%), cefoxitin (40%) and clindamycin (60%) were higher than that in the international cohort study. In contrast, the non-susceptibility profile of penicillin (67%), tetracycline (13%), levofloxacin (6.7%), gentamicin (0%) and linezolid (0%) was lower than that in cohort report (Morgenstern et al.2016). In this study, 75 (94%) CoNS were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and only 5 (6%) isolates were fully susceptible. Coagulase-negative staphylococci is one of the most prevalent normal flora of the skin and could not be removed from the human body (Grice and Segre 2011). However, the high multi-resistant CoNS incidence in gynaecological surgeons and surgical assistants is a disturbing finding, and the hand carriage of multi-drug resistant staphylococci in gynaecological surgical staff may have a harmful impact on vulnerable neonates and mothers.
Infectious Keratitis Caused by Rare and Emerging Micro-Organisms
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Pranita Sahay, Siddhi Goel, Ritu Nagpal, Prafulla K. Maharana, Rajesh Sinha, Tushar Agarwal, Namrata Sharma, Jeewan S. Titiyal
Kocuria spp. is a coagulase-negative gram-positive coccus that rarely causes keratitis and canaliculitis.16,17 Keratitis is usually seen in eyes with compromised ocular surface or immunocompromised patient. Clinical presentation is variable with a severe course and poor outcome in the majority of the cases. The identification of this species is done by culture reports, mass spectroscopy and gene analysis. It forms 2–3 mm whitish, small, round, raised, convex colonies, which develops a yellowish pigmentation on prolonged incubation in blood agar.16Kocuria spp. is often misdiagnosed as coagulase-negative staphylococcus. It is sensitive to vancomycin, cephalosporin, and few fluoroquinolones. Usually, these cases are severe at presentation requiring surgical intervention.16
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Bacillales
- Bacteria
- Coccus
- Microscope
- Streptococcus
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Staphylococcaceae
- Grape
- Facultative Anaerobic Organism