Rifampicin (Rifampin)
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Rifampicin is active in vitro against B. henselae (which causes cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, endocarditis, and bacteremia), B. quintana (which causes trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, and chronic bacteremia), and B. bacilliformis (the cause of bartonellosis or Carrion disease) (Rolain et al., 2004). Uncomplicated cat-scratch disease does not usually require antibacterial therapy (Conrad, 2001); however, in a retrospective, uncontrolled report of 282 selected patients with this infection, many of whom had severe disease, the efficacy of rifampicin (87%) was greater than other antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin (Margileth, 1992). In a comprehensive review of treatment of Bartonella infections, Rolain et al. (2004) suggest that based on the results of a study by Bass et al. (1998), treatment with azithromycin may be indicated in cases of cat-scratch disease associated with extensive bulky lymphadenopathy, and that rifampicin plus doxycycline is an alternative in this situation. Rifampicin plus doxycycline is also recommended for treatment of neuroretinitis and other neurologic complications of B. henselae infection (Bass et al., 1997; Reed et al., 1998). Rifampicin is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of verruga peruana, the eruptive phase of B. bacilliformis infection; it is ineffective in the acute hematic phase of this illness (Maguina et al., 2001; Huarcaya et al., 2004).
Animals as companions
Clive R. Hollin in An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
There are vaccines available for the treatment of allergies, which can cause skin problems and breathing difficulties, although the simple solution for those who are strongly allergic to cats is to find another companion animal. Zoonotic diseases are brought about by bacteria, parasites, and viruses which cross between animals and humans (Murugan et al., 2015). These diseases can be serious, such as with the Ebola virus and salmonellosis, or more manageable as with “cat scratch disease,” a bacterial infection of an open wound caused by a scratch or bite. The risk of ill-health can be managed close to home, as with other pets, by a good health-care regime for the cat including regular vaccinations. On a larger scale, coordinated initiatives such as instigating and maintaining comprehensive records and standardised education for professionals working with animals may bring widespread benefits (Sterneberg-Van der Maaten, Turner, Van Tilburg, & Vaarten, 2016).
Posterior uveitis
Gwyn Samuel Williams, Mark Westcott, Carlos Pavesio, Bushra Thajudeen in Practical Uveitis, 2017
There are many ways Bartonella can affect humans. Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome is one in which a unilateral conjunctivitis and lymphadenopathy can occur after infection. More rarely, a neuroretinitis can also occur and the classic textbook presentation of this is with a swollen disc and a macular star formed by exudates. The degree of uveitis, posterior or anterior, can vary considerably and although unilateral involvement is what is most commonly described there are reports of bilateral disease. The swollen disc appears first followed up to a month later by radial macular exudates resembling, and thus called, a macular star (see Figure 5.15). While the two previously mentioned conditions are potentially lethal cat scratch disease is typically similar to the annual cold or flu, though lymph nodes can become very tender and complications such as endocarditis and hepatitis can occur. Being infectious rather than inflammatory if no treatment were undertaken the condition can resolve though it may take months and leave permanent scars which would have been avoided had antibiotics been given.
Clinical Features and Multimodal Imaging in Atypical Posterior Uveitis Secondary to Bartonella Henselae Infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Zachary A. Koretz, Anna Apostolopoulou, Edwin Chen, Oliver Beale, Peter Veldkamp, John Alex Viehman, José-Alain Sahel, Jay Chhablani, Kunal K. Dansingani, Marie-Hélène Errera, Gabrielle R. Bonhomme
Cat-scratch disease is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus Bartonella henselae. Transmission occurs through scratches, bites, and fleas from infected cats, which serve as the main reservoir for the bacterium.1 Cat-scratch disease often presents with fevers and regional lymphadenopathy but presentation is variable, ranging from cutaneous lesions to disseminated disease affecting visceral organs and the nervous system. The two main ocular manifestations of cat scratch disease are Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome and neuroretinitis. The former occurs in about 5% of patients and presents as tender lymphadenopathy of the face or neck alongside infectious conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or regional cellulitis caused by inoculation of Bartonella into or around the eye.2 On the other hand, neuroretinitis—optic disc edema associated with macular hard exudates—is a relatively rare manifestation of cat-scratch disease, occurring in 1–2% of patients.2 The main symptom is decreased vision, and posterior segment findings may include retinal or choroidal white lesions, optic disc edema, stellate macular exudates, retinal vascular occlusions, or cotton wool spots.3–6 In a retrospective case series, Solley et al. described 24 cases of posterior uveitis secondary to cat-scratch disease. Eighty-three percent of these patients had 1–3 discrete white retinal or choroidal lesions, while 17% had none. In more than half the patients, there was coexistent disc edema and macular exudates.5
Cat scratch disease causing encephalitis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Our patient had a classic presentation of cat scratch disease, including an isolated lymph node, fever, and exposure to cats. However, this immunocompetent healthy young man quickly progressed to encephalitis. Interestingly, neurologic manifestations were previously believed to be a consequence of immunocompromise. However, more recent evidence suggests that even healthy individuals develop neurologic complications in a small number of cases. Our patient responded well to doxycycline and rifampin for 14 days. When he followed up in the clinic, he had no neurologic complications.
Differential Diagnosis of Vitritis in Adult Patients
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Sarah Touhami, Mathilde Leclercq, Dinu Stanescu-Segall, Valérie Touitou, Bahram Bodaghi
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is caused by the bacterium Bartonella Henselae that is usually transmitted to humans through repeated contact with cats. Ocular manifestations are diverse ranging from the classical neuroretinitis presentation, presence of superficial retinal infiltrates or retinal vasculitis to the less frequent parinaud oculoglandular syndrome. Intermediate uveitis has been noted in the context of CSD. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by reliable laboratory tests and the patient’s corroborating history of repeated contacts with cats.62
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibiotic
- Bacteria
- Bartonella Henselae
- Fever
- Lymph Node
- Symptomatic Treatment
- Lymphadenopathy
- Infection
- Axilla
- Skin Condition