Campylobacter
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Campylobacter is widely distributed in the environment (Figure 27.2), where they are asymptomatically carried and shed into the environment by domestic and wild animals and birds, particularly poultry. Campylobacter has been isolated from many warm-blooded animals, including ruminants, pets, penguins, seals, and non-warm-blooded animals, such as reptiles and insects. It can also be isolated from water environments and soil (9,26,28). Due to the sporadic nature of Campylobacter infection, it is often difficult to trace specific sources of infection (1). The transmission of Campylobacter to humans is either foodborne by means of the handling of or the consumption of contaminated food such as meat (particularly poultry), seafood, vegetables, and raw dairy products, or environmental, for example, exposure to animal feces or contaminated water and soil (71–73). Occasionally, person-to-person (fecal-oral route or formites or very rarely male sexual) transmission occurs (23–25,28,53,74). The foodborne route is likely to be the predominate source of human infection, where studies have shown that about 50%–70% of human cases can be attributed to the consumption of poultry (28,72,73,75).
The Chemistry of O-Polysaccharide Chains in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison in Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Campylobacter bacteria are associated with several diseases such as human enteritis. The LPS of C. jejunii have highly variable structures accounting for the classification into different serotypes (Table 7). C. jejunii serotype 019 (78) is associated with the Guillian-Barré syndrome, a neuropathy, and has an O-antigen with a hyaluronic acid backbone (→4)-β-d-GlcpA-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→) in which the d-GlcA residues are amidated with 2-amino-1,3-propanediol. This amide is also present in E. coli 0143 and some Shigella and Vibrio LPS. Both serotypes of C. fetus, A (79) and B (80), have been studied. The type A O-antigen is a d-mannan and that of B a d-rhamnan. The B polysaccharide is terminated by a 3-O-methyl-d-Rha residue. If the polysaccharide is elongated from the nonreducing end in the biosynthesis, this sugar then stops further elongation.
Gastrointestinal and liver infections
Michael JG Farthing, Anne B Ballinger in Drug Therapy for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2019
Antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of dysenteric shigellosis,74-79Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea,80-83 amoebiasis84 and balantidiasis83 (Table 6.8). Antibiotic therapy is also of value in Yersinia septicaemia and when there is associated bone and joint infections86, 87 but its value in milder forms of enteritis has not been established, again usually because the antibiotic has been administered late in the natural history of the infection.88 Similarly, the role of antibiotic therapy in Campylobacter infection remains controversial89, 90 There is good evidence that antibiotics do not alter the natural history of the illness if treatment is begun more than 4 days after the onset of symptoms. One randomized controlled trial has shown that treatment with erythromycin early in the infection significantly reduces the duration of the illness in children,91 although a second study failed to confirm these findings.92
A porcine ligated loop model reveals new insight into the host immune response against Campylobacter jejuni
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Nicholas M Negretti, Yinyin Ye, Lais M Malavasi, Swechha M Pokharel, Steven Huynh, Susan Noh, Cassidy L Klima, Christopher R Gourley, Claude A Ragle, Santanu Bose, Torey Looft, Craig T Parker, Geremy Clair, Joshua N Adkins, Michael E Konkel
Tissues infected with the C. jejuni wild-type strain and non-infected tissues from the three 30-hour experiments were examined for histological changes caused by infection. In the infected loops from two of the three animals, enterocytes at the villous tips were often distorted. Occasional enterocytes were hypereosinophilic and had dense chromatin, indicating necrosis. Associated enterocytes were rounded and dissociated. These markers were not present in the C. jejuni ∆ciaD mutant-infected nor in the non-infected tissues. Overall, the lesions were consistent with Campylobacter infection. These findings support the proposal that damage of the IECs occurs after 30 hours. Representative microscopic sections of the intestinal loops are presented in Figure 6a-c.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Campylobacter jejuni seropositivity in Jordan
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Mohammad M. Obaidat
The univariate analysis showed that drinking any spring lake water was a risk factor for seropositivity, while drinking filtered water was a protective factor. Spring lake water is water that comes from natural springs opening and runs in the valleys and is used mainly for irrigation but is sometimes used as a water source. In the grazing months of spring and summer, sheep, goats and cows also drink from this water. The disappearance of the effect of drinking spring lake water as risk factor in the final multivariate regression is not uncommon in this kind of study. In this data set, there was a correlation between drinking spring lake water and small ruminant ownership because spring lake water can be used to water small grazing ruminants, while farmers and shepherds are likely drink from this water. Water is considered a major route of Campylobacter species transmission for humans and animals and contaminated water has been the culprit for several outbreaks in different countries [35–37]. Drinking untreated water was an important risk factor for campylobacteriosis in Norway [38]. Several studies documented the prevalence of Campylobacter in different water sources. For example, C. jejuni was isolated from 1.0% of drinking water samples in northern Greece [39]. C. jejuni, C. coli, or C. lari were also detected in 70% of water samples from rivers or lakes of Poland [40]. These studies support the role of contaminated water in the transmission of Campylobacter to humans. Another study in Canada found that individuals who drink from private wells rather than municipal water systems are at a higher risk for campylobacteriosis [41].
Life-long dynamics of the swine gut microbiome and their implications in probiotics development and food safety
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Ying Li, Xiaofan Wang, Xiu-qi Wang, Junjun Wang, Jiangchao Zhao
Campylobacter is one of the major foodborne pathogens in the swine industry.35 Our longitudinal study shows the relative abundance and dynamics of 13 bacterial features associated with Campylobacter and one bacterial feature associated with E. coli (Figure 4). E. coli was abundant during the lactation stage and faded out after weaning. Different features of Campylobacter showed different dynamic patterns. Future study is needed to track the dynamics of these pathogens in the whole pork supply chain to determine which features are transmitted from farm to fork so that a treatment window based on this essential information could be determined.
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Bloodstream Infections