Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Vivek Lal in A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of Brucella species. Human brucellosis is a multisystem disease that can manifest acutely, sub acutely or in chronic course.52 Ocular involvement is not very common. The ocular manifestations of brucellosis described in the literature are keratitis, uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, endophthalmitis and optic neuropathy.53,54 Optic nerve damage, in brucellosis, manifests with optic neuritis or papilledema. Optic nerve involvement is usually part of meningoencephalitis. The diagnosis of brucellosis requires a clinical suspicion along with microbiological confirmation. Brucellosis is treated with doxycycline and rifampicin.52 The visual prognosis of treated cases is generally good.
Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis and Causes of Pulmonary Granulomas
Philip T. Cagle, Timothy C. Allen, Mary Beth Beasley in Diagnostic Pulmonary Pathology, 2008
A zoonotic infection, brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is an acute or chronic illness that manifests principally by chills, relapses of fever, weakness, body aches, and pains. In the United States, brucellosis is rare and largely an occupational hazard of slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians. It is common in the Far East, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other Persian Gulf countries, South America, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region. The disease can be caused by any of the four species, each usually confined to its major animal host: B. melitensis (goat), B. suis (hogs), B. abortus (cattle), and B. cannis (dogs). Granulomas are small and poorly formed. Diagnosis depends on occupational history, clinical features, and serological evidence. A single titer of 1:160 or higher, or a fourfold or greater rise in titers in specimens drawn one to four weeks apart indicates recent infection (6).
Diseases Known to be Caused by the Diet
Stephen Seely, David L. J. Freed, Gerald A. Silverstone, Vicky Rippere in Diet-Related Diseases, 1985
Brucellosis (Malta Fever, undulant fever) is the collective name given to illnesses caused by infection with these organisms. Brucella is primarily an animal parasite, being spread only incidentally to Man. There are three main species: Brucella abortus which infects cattle worldwide and causes infectious abortion in pregnant cows; Br. mehten-sis which mainly infects goats, especially in Mediterranean countries; and Br. suis, a swine parasite that is especially endemic in the midwest United States. Among humans brucellosis is a well-known hazard for vets, farmers and abbattoir workers, who have close contact with infected animals in the course of their work. Bacteriologists studying the organism sometimes become its victims. The reason for its inclusion in this book is that brucellae frequently settle in the udder of the infected beast and are thus passed into the milk, usually for the animal’s lifetime. Brucellae are killed by pasteurisation but some farmers and whole food enthusiasts prefer the taste or composition of untreated milk and so occasionally fall victim. (From the 1 May 1985 a UK government regulation forbids the sale of untreated milk in shops, restaurants and hospitals, or via wholesalers. It will still be legally available at the farm gate. Several states in the USA and EEC have similar regulations.)
A systematic analysis of and recommendations for public health events involving brucellosis from 2006 to 2019 in China
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zhiguo Liu, Miao Wang, Yaxin Tian, Zhongqiu Li, Liping Gao, Zhenjun Li
Laboratory-associated Brucella spp. infections may account for up to 2% of all laboratory-associated infections [11]. From 2000 to 2014, 28 cases of brucellosis (median: 2/year) were reported, including 6 Brucella exposure risk events (Brucella events) in clinical laboratories, resulting in more than 80 occupational exposures to Brucella species (spp.) in New York City [12]. Moreover, many studies on laboratory exposure to Brucella strains have been reported in the United Kingdom [13] and Denmark [14]. Several brucellosis cases are reported annually in China, but ongoing surveillance of brucellosis infection cases that have occurred in staff from hospitals, universities, and factories is lacking. The epidemiological profile of brucellosis resulting from laboratory transmission of brucellosis in China remains unknown. Moreover, two clusters of brucellosis infection in domestic events have been reported but did not capture the attention of the international scientific community. Hence, in this study, we summarised cases of laboratory-acquired Brucella infection in hospitals and universities and cluster vaccine strain infections in China to identify effective countermeasures for preventing laboratory-acquired infections and to promote the design of public health safety measures.
Brucellosis in older person: a case report from Qatar
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Hanadi Khamis Al Hamad, Navas Nadukkandiyil, Mohammed Al Husami, Hebatullah Ahmed Abdelgawad, Sanjeevikumar Meenakshisundaram, Osman Bashir Nemeri
Human brucellosis is quite uncommon in the elderly in Qatar. This report describes a case of brucellosis in Acute Geriatric Care at Ruamailah Hospital in Qatar. Brucellosis is a multisystem disease with a broad spectrum of non-specific symptoms that generally occur within three weeks but sometimes up to 3 months after inoculation [1]. Brucellosis is considered as the most common zoonosis worldwide and manifests in a wide range of cases from asymptomatic ones to those with serious diseases [2]. In case of organ involvement, the disease is said to have local involvement or complication. In humans, it developed as a result of consuming unpasteurized, contaminated dairy products; example a goat’s or camel milk, soft cheese or butter that had been infected with Brucella species such as Brucella melitensis isolated from ruminant (B. melitensis). This Gram-negative, aerobic non-spore forming coccobacillus is a free-living, soil-dwelling organism that usually infects goats, camel and sheep. In infected hosts, the bacterium appears as intracellular localization. Although the disease can occur in all age groups, young individuals are most affected. Its incidence in children and the elderly is relatively low. Old age (≥65 years) primarily characterized by reduced biological reserves [3]. Prevention of brucellosis is dependent mainly upon increasing public awareness, recently noted that reporting brucellosis among elderly gradually increasing. Therefore, it is important to educate elderly population about the pattern of thisdisease and extra cautious for raw milk consumption and animal contact.
A review of the immunopathogenesis of Brucellosis
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Omolbanin Amjadi, Alireza Rafiei, Masoud Mardani, Parisa Zafari, Ahmadreza Zarifian
Brucellosis, also known as Malta fever [1], is one of five zoonotic infections caused by Brucella spp, which are gram-negative aerobic non-motile [2] facultative intracellular coccobacilli [3]. Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis and B. suis. Brucella melitensis, discovered by David Bruce, are the main causes of human brucellosis [4]. Even so, rare Brucella isolates have been reported to infect humans. The recently recognized types associated with marine animals, B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis, may also have the capacity to cause human disease [5]. Likewise, B. neotomae that has been firstly considered nonzoonotic was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of two men with neurobrucellosis in 2008 and 2011 [6]. In addition, Brucella inopinata strain BO1 and B. sp. strain BO2, as atypical strains of Brucella, isolated from a human patient with a breast implant infection and from a lung biopsy in a patient with pneumonia, respectively [7,8]. Brucellae are divided into two categories, rough and smooth, based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expression. Smooth species, fully expressing the O-chain, are more virulent than the rough species with little or no O-chain [9].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anorexia
- Bacteria
- Bacterial Capsule
- Brucellosis
- Pasteurization
- Zoonosis
- Arthralgia
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Motility
- Coccobacillus