Fleas
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard in The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Yersinia pestis inflicts damage on the host animal by an endotoxin present on its surface. Hematogenous dissemination of the bacteria to other organs and tissues may cause intravascular coagulation and endotoxic shock, producing dark discoloration in the extremities (thus, the name black death). Three clinical forms of plague are recognized: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. The bubonic form is the most common in the Americas. In bubonic plague, lymph nodes draining the flea-bite site enlarge, leading to local pain and swelling (the “buboes”). Other signs and symptoms common to many acute bacterial infections are present, including sudden onset of disease with a sharp rise in temperature, chills, headache, nausea, and increased pulse rate. The patient’s condition may deteriorate rapidly, often leading to death within 3 days. Some patients are particularly susceptible to plague and develop a more widely disseminated and generalized infection called septicemic plague. Such cases are even more prone to death. Finally, a certain proportion of plague patients may develop secondary pneumonia and spread the infection by respiratory droplets, a condition known as pneumonic plague. This is the most serious form of plague (especially from the public health standpoint), leading to severe disease and frequently death.
Water and foodborne contamination *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms ubiquitous in both food and the environment. Pathogenic bacteria, which represent only a small fraction of total bacteria, can cause two distinct types of foodborne disease: infection and food intoxication (i.e., toxicosis; Cliver et al., 2011). Bacterial infection occurs when pathogenic bacteria are capable of colonizing and reproducing within a human host (Cliver et al., 2011). Symptomatic disease follows this process due to the growth of bacteria causing destruction of host cells, bacterial production of toxins impacting host cells (e.g., toxicoinfection), or the host immune system’s response to disease (Cliver et al., 2011). Toxicosis is the second form of bacterial foodborne illness (Cliver et al., 2011). Toxicosis differs from infection in that human host exposure to a toxin produced by the bacteria, not the bacteria itself, induces disease. Toxicosis due to foodborne illness most commonly results from contamination of a foodstuff with a toxin-producing bacteria. When the bacteria grows, a toxin is produced either as a targeted response or as a metabolic byproduct. In both cases, the ability of bacteria to grow within food products prior to consumption increases the risk of subsequent infection and/or the concentration of toxins. This ability to grow within diverse matrices is unique to bacteria.
Tribal Claims vs. Scientific Validation: A Case Study on Two Species of the Order Zingiberales Curcuma longa L. and Costus speciosus Koen.
Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi in Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Pathogenic bacteria have been a major caused by health complications and mortality in human. Although many pharmaceutical industries have developed many antibacterial drugs in the last few decades, resistance to such drugs is increasing which has now become a global concern. Among the potential sources of new agents, plants have long been investigated. Because they contain many bioactive compounds that can be of interest in therapeutic. Due to its less toxicity, the plant has been traditionally used in normal diet and in treatment of various diseases. Keeping the above context in view, the results of present study showed that the studied plants are suitable edible antibacterial agents to fight against resistance problems. The literature survey showed that both plants are used to cure skin infections, in cold and other diseases and disorders. The details are listed in Table 18.1. The ethnobotanical survey revealed that the rhizome of both plant is used against skin infections and some common diseases and disorders. The details are listed in Table 18.4. The qualitative detection of bioactive compounds showed plants possess diverse bioactive compounds, which make them strong pharmacological agents. Tannin was present in all extracts of both experimental plants whereas flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponin were detected in ethanolic extract of CS and tannin, terpenoid and reducing sugar were detected in aqueous extract of CS (Table 18.2).
Advances in curcumin-loaded nanopreparations: improving bioavailability and overcoming inherent drawbacks
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Yanan Zhang, Abdur Rauf Khan, Manfei Fu, Yujia Zhai, Jianbo Ji, Larisa Bobrovskaya, Guangxi Zhai
Bacterial infection is the invasion of disease-causing agents and the reaction of organism’s bodies to the invasion [35]. CUR manifested extensively antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds [36]. According to a recent study, the CUR encapsulated in gelatine decreased the microbial population (CFU/ml) of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [37]. In addition, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of CUR led to significant inhibition of the growth of E. coli when exposed in white light [38]. While, other scientists discovered that the application of UV-A light was more effective than the visible light [39]. The PDT of CUR was also efficient in the inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes [40].
Use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria as live delivery vectors for human and animal health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Romina Levit, Naima G. Cortes-Perez, Alejandra de Moreno de Leblanc, Jade Loiseau, Anne Aucouturier, Philippe Langella, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
Bacterial infections. Gastroenteritis of bacterial origin is a disease characterized mainly by episodes of diarrhea caused by pathogens such as E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella, Aeromonas spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica, among others.117 Different studies showed the potential of using LAB as mucosal vaccines against these intestinal pathogens. In these senses, a GM L. lactis expressing HCP (Hemolysin co-regulated protein) of Campylobacter jejuni T6SS was administered to mice, and the results showed the induction of specific neutralizing antibodies and the prevention of pathogen colonization.118 In addition, a GM L. lactis expressing the binding domain of heat-labile toxin (LBT) from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was used to immunize rabbits and was able to induce the production of antibodies at the intestinal mucosa level.119
Rectal malakoplakia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Ted George Achufusi, Kegan Jessamy, Philip Chebaya, Sekou Rawlins
Malakoplakia was first described by Michaelis and Gutmann in 1902 after it was observed in the bladder. It was named by Van Hansemann in 1903. The term malakoplakia stems from the Greek malakos (soft) and plakos (plaque) and reflects its usual appearance as a friable, yellow mucosal lesion on endoscopy. Coliform bacteria in macrophage cytoplasm (von Hansemann histiocytes) (Figure 1b,c) and laminated intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Michaelis-Gutmann bodies) (Figure 1c) are considered diagnostic features. It is hypothesized that a defect of macrophage phagolysosomal response to bacterial infection is the cause of malakoplakia. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine have been shown to contribute to macrophage abnormality, and their discontinuation has been shown to reverse macrophage abnormalities and clinical symptoms. The presence of a bacterial infection has been described in most reported cases, regardless of the affected organ. The two most commonly isolated organisms include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but other organisms including gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacilli have also been isolated.1 Fungi, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and viruses have also been implicated in isolated cases.2
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