Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Almelysin, a new metalloproteinase with significant efficiency in low temperatures, is also other proteinase isolated from the culture filtrate of Alteromonas sp. The metalloprotease secreted by Alteromonas sp. is essential in the strain’s chitin degradation pathway. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. has been found as a protamine-reducing marine bacterium obtained from marine soil. Extremophile hydrolases have benefits over chemical biocatalysts. These catalysts are non- polluting, environmentally acceptable, extremely specific, and occur in mild reaction circumstances. Such hydrolases may activate in the form of organic liquids, which is crucial for the production of single-isomer chiral medicines. These hydrolases have been used in a variety of ways. L-asparaginase is a hydrolase which produces L-aspartic and ammonia from L-asparagine. L-glutaminase activities is also present in this enzyme. Antileukemia/antilymphoma drugs made from microbial L-asparaginase preparations for biomedical applications presently account for one-third of global demand. L-asparaginases have been widely utilized in children particularly its act as chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is considerably greater than various therapeutic enzymes. L-asparaginase has been treated as an anti-tumor therapy in non-lymphoma, bovine lymphoma sarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia Hodgkin’s pancreatic carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, reticulum sarcoma, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, melanoma sarcoma and acute myelocytic leukemia.
Immunology
Paul Pumpens in Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Later, the phage MS2 assisted by the investigation of furunculosis caused by bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, a serious infectious disease of fish which has caused losses in both wild populations of salmon and in aquaculture (Hussain et al. 2000). Thus, bacteria-free supernatants of broth cultures of A. salmonicida inhibited the humoral immune response, but not the cell-mediated immune response, of Atlantic salmon to the phage MS2. It was found that the immunosuppressive factor was the 64 kDa serine protease secreted by A. salmonicida, while the principal lethal toxin of A. salmonicida, the glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase, did not inhibit the immune response of salmon.
Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria
K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika in Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
The growth of aquaculture has accelerated over the past decades. Aquaculture allows a selective increase in the production of species used for human consumption, industry, or sport fishing. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections cause devastating economic losses worldwide. Use of chemical additives and veterinary medicines, especially antibiotics, generates significant risks to public health by promoting the selection, propagation, and persistence of bacterial-resistant strains. Therefore, probiotics are considered as the means to prevent and treat various diseases as well as to stimulate growth of aquatic organisms and feed conversion efficiency (Martínez Cruz et al. 2012). Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced the mortality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) significantly from 52.6% to 18.9% from furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida (Nikoskelainen et al. 2001). Blue shrimps Litopenaeus stylirostrisfed treated with probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici displayed lower infection (20% instead of 45% in the control group) and mortality (25% instead of 41.7% in the control group) rates under exposure to Vibrio nigripulchritudo. Compared to the infected control group, probiotic-fed shrimp exhibited higher antioxidant status and lower oxidative stress level (Castex et al. 2010). The rations supplemented with 0.01% Lactobacillus acidophilus powder caused positive influence on growth, feed utilization, and survival of snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings (Munir et al. 2016). Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum for 60 days exerted favorable effects on the specific growth rate and feed utilization efficiency of Labeo rohita juveniles, additionally increasing the serum lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activity against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The serum IgM levels were considerably higher in the experimental groups as compared to the control group after 30 days of feeding. The treated fish displayed enhanced survival rate (77.7%) (Giri et al. 2013). Specific and relative growth rate, protein efficiency, and feed-conversion ratio, survival, blood parameters, and total immunoglobulin concentrations were much better in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed the ration supplemented with L, acidophilus when compared with the control (Al-Dohail et al. 2009). Dicentrarchus labrax (European sea bass) juveniles supplied with LAB showed 81% increment of body weight in a long-treated group (59 days) and 28% rise in short-term experiment (25 days) with respect to the control. Probiotics decreased cortisol levels in treated animals and affected the transcription of two antagonistic genes involved in the regulation of body growth—IGF-I and myostatin (MSTN). IGF-I transcription was increased, while MSTN was inhibited (Carnevali et al. 2006).
Quorum sensing pathways in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria: potential of their interruption in abating drug resistance
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2019
Shafiul Haque, Dinesh K. Yadav, Shekhar C. Bisht, Neelam Yadav, Vineeta Singh, Kashyap Kumar Dubey, Arshad Jawed, Mohd Wahid, Sajad Ahmad Dar
Quorum sensing was thought to be confined to a few aquatic organisms earlier but is now extensively accepted for various bacterial species that utilize it as a part of their regulatory machinery.3,4 QS-mediated regulation of virulence determinants have been reported in several Gram-negative pathogens viz. Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Erwinia caratovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.5,6 Control of expression of virulence genes or factors of organisms, parallely to many traits, by QS has a great importance which has led researchers and clinicians to explore the virulence mechanism of bacteria in greater detail at molecular level.
Resistance trends and epidemiology of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas infections (RETEPAPI): a 10-year retrospective survey
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
A total of 193 individual isolates were identified (n = 193; 19.3 ± 12.3/year, highest in 2015 and lowest in 2010) from various sample types during the 10-year study period. The number of isolates between 2008 and 2012 was n = 46 (9.2 ± 4.2/year, range: 5–16) while for 2013–2017, this number was n = 147 (29.4 ± 8.2/year, range: 18–38); the difference in the isolation frequency was statistically significant (p = .0012). 51.8% of isolates originated from inpatient departments (p > .05). 75.6% of isolates were identified in the period between May and September of the relevant year. Most of the isolates were Aeromonas spp. (97.9%; namely: Aeromonas hydrophila 45.6%, Aeromonas caviae 36.7%, Aeromonas veronii 13.2%, Aeromonas salmonicida 3.3%, Aeromonas bestiarum 1.1% and Aeromonas ichtiosima 1.1%), while Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates were fewer (2.1%, one isolate in 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2016, respectively). Before 2013, A. hydrophila and A. caviae were mainly isolated.
Review of Antimicrobial and Other Health Effects in 5 Essential Oil Producing Grass Species
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Lemongrass leaves have shown to have anti-inflammatory properties via proteasome inhibition, NF-κB pathway, and cytokine expression (Francisco et al. 2013). Lemongrass extracts have been reported to reduce human lymphoma tumor growth (Philion et al. 2017). A clinical trial using 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash showed the highest reduction in plaque and gingival indexes when compared to a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (Dany et al. 2015). In fact, Subha and Pradeep (2017) showed in a clinical trial that a 0.25% concentration of lemongrass oil aided in chronic periodontitis and reduced markers of cardio-vascular diseases. Gastroprotective effects have been shown in rats fed with lemongrass leaf infusion (Sagradas et al. 2015). Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against prostate cancer and glioblastoma cell lines (Bayala et al. 2018). Polysaccharides of lemongrass may help in preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases where neuro-inflammation is part of the problem (Mediesse et al. 2018). Machado et al. (2015) reported that a lemongrass hexane extract helped control allergic asthma in mice. A 20% solution of lemongrass oil showed an inhibition against Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida which causes fish furunculosis disease (Starliper et al. 2015) and the main biochemicals in the lemongrass oil included eugenol α- and β-citral. Citronellal which has been found in lemongrass oil has the potential to prevent atherosclerosis in rats (Lu et al. 2019). Another component of lemongrass oil is linalool which has been reported to lower blood pressure and pulse rate in people with carpal tunnel syndrome (Seol et al. 2016).
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