Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Gram-negative anaerobic cocci such as Veillonella spp. were usually sensitive to Pen G (Sutter and Finegold, 1976) but resistance is now described (Reig et al., 1997), usually in the absence of beta-lactamase production, and may be quite common (Nyfors et al., 2003). Up to 68% of Veillonella spp. in 49 healthy infants were penicillin resistant, resistance increasing with age, although MICs were clustered around the 2 μg/ml breakpoint; but strains with an MIC > 8 μg/ml have been described (Reig et al., 1997). Ready et al. (2004) found that 79% of 24 V. parvula isolates obtained from children penicillin resistant, but they had been selected for study as they were amoxicillin resistant. A strain of Acidaminococcus fermentans was described as penicillin resistant due to class A beta-lactamase production (Gallan et al., 2000).
Control of the Large Bowel Microflora
Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh in Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
Numerically, the most important genus of intestinal bacteria in animals and humans are the Gram-negative Bacteroides. Among the Gram-positive, nonsporing rods several genera are numerically important in the gut. Obligate anaerobic types include Eubacterium sp. and Bifidobacterium sp., such as the B. bifidum and B. infantis found in the feces of breast-fed infants. The genus Lactobacillus contains many species occurring in the gut of most warmblooded animals. Although numerically important throughout the alimentary tract, their ecological significance has not been conclusively elucidated. Several types of spore-forming rods and cocci are normal inhabitants of the gut. The genus Clostridium is probably the most ubiquitous. C. perfringens, C. bifermentans, and C. tetani are found regularly, albeit in relatively low numbers, in the lower gut of animals and are of significance in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of the aerobic Bacillus genus is thought to be the result of contamination of the environment. Facultative and obligate anaerobic Gram-positive cocci are numerically important in the gut. The strict anaerobes include Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, Megaspnaera elsdenii, and Sarcina ventriculi. The facultatively anaerobic streptococci are well represented by many species from Lancefield group D including Streptococcus faecalis, S. bovis, and S. equinus, and some from group K such as S. salivarius which is usually associated with the mouth. Gram-negative anaerobic cocci include Veillonela and Acidaminococcus. Although they are not numerically important, the Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods include a number of very important pathogens. Members of the Enterobacteraceae, particularly E. coli, are usually thought of as the characteristic intestinal bacteria. Several types of spirochaete can be seen in the gut of healthy animals and their status in the human gut is uncertain.
Common therapeutic advances for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Arash Salmaninejad, Yousef Jafari Abarghan, Saeed Bozorg Qomi, Hadi Bayat, Meysam Yousefi, Sara Azhdari, Samaneh Talebi, Majid Mojarrad
Regard to all advantages have been illustrated for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool, but this system restricted to target G- rich PAM sites (NGG or NAG for Streptococcus pyogenesis Cas9). In this line, recruiting CRISPR-Cas9 on target sites limited to the sites that including G-rich PAM site. To overcome this restriction, recently CRISPR-Cas12a system, also known as CRISPR-Cpf1 system, was added genome editing toolbox. Cas12a has several properties such as; i) detecting T-rich PAM, ii) guided on target site by a short gRNA lacking tracrRNA, iii) creating staggered DSB, and iv) having RNA processing activity, that all together introduce this system as a striking breakthrough in genome editing approaches [156]. It is indicated that two orthologs of this system, Lachnospiraceae bacterium (LbCpf1) and Acidaminococcus sp. BV3L6 (AsCpf1), have promising activity in human cells [166]. The efficiency of these two orthologs at correction of DMD mutation well-proved by skipping a frame-shifting deletion at exon 51 of DMD gene in human cardiomyocyte cells. Furthermore, it is elucidated that LbCpf1 can successfully correct nonsense mutation at exon 23 in mdx mice by HDR-mediated repair pathway (50% genomic correction) [68].
Atypical enteropathogenic E. coli are associated with disease activity in ulcerative colitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Maximilian Baumgartner, Rebecca Zirnbauer, Sabine Schlager, Daniel Mertens, Nikolaus Gasche, Barbara Sladek, Craig Herbold, Olga Bochkareva, Vera Emelianenko, Harald Vogelsang, Michaela Lang, Anton Klotz, Birgit Moik, Athanasios Makristathis, David Berry, Stefanie Dabsch, Vineeta Khare, Christoph Gasche
Longitudinal analysis confirmed the link of aEPEC and GI inflammation in UC, as patients had lower calprotectin at aEPEC-neg points of time, which was not seen for CD patients (Figure 2a and b). Tracing aEPEC status over time showed transient phases of aEPEC positivity in IBD patients, suggesting re-infection or abundances below the limit of detection of a resident aEPEC (Figure 2c). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed reduced bacterial diversity as defined by Shannon index in aEPEC-pos UC patients compared to aEPEC-neg (Figure 2d). aEPEC-pos UC patients had increased abundances of amplicon sequencing variants (ASV) belonging to Dialister, Haemophilus and Veillonella. RDA-analysis showed a significant effect of aEPEC-positivity on microbiome composition, with fecal calprotectin following a similar gradient (Supplementary Figure 2a). ASV belonging to protein metabolizing Acidaminococcus were reduced in aEPEC-pos UC. Furthermore, several ASV belonging to Bacteroides were reduced and one was increased (Figure 2e). Adjusting the DESeq2 model for GI inflammation confirmed an increase in ASV belonging to Haemophilus in aEPEC-pos UC and revealed an enrichment of ASV belonging to sulfate reducing Bilophila and several beneficial bacteria such as Eubacterium and Subdoligranulum (Supplementary Figure 2b and c). Overall, these findings support the concept that aEPEC are correlated with flares in disease activity and microbiota dysbiosis in UC.
The association between gut microbiome and anthropometric measurements in Bangladesh
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Gwendolyn Osborne, Fen Wu, Liying Yang, Dervla Kelly, Jiyuan Hu, Huilin Li, Farzana Jasmine, Muhammad G Kibriya, Faruque Parvez, Ishrat Shaheen, Golam Sarwar, Alauddin Ahmed, Mahbub Eunus, Tariqul Islam, Zhiheng Pei, Habibul Ahsan, Yu Chen
Next, we explored the associations between the microbial profile and the six anthropometric measures at the various taxonomic levels based on the relative abundance of each bacterial taxon (Table 4). Overall, the pattern of the significant association was consistent by bacterial taxonomy and across anthropometric measures. For instance, the relative abundance of the family Ruminococcaceae, to which the genus Oscillospira belongs, was related to all anthropometric measures by linear regression, either nominally or after FDR adjustment. The relative abundances of the order Desulfovibrionales, as well as its downstream family Desulfovibrionaceae and genus Desulfovibria were all nominally associated with MUAC, UTC, WHR, and WC. Likewise, the relative abundances of the order Turicibacterales, as well as its downstream family Turicibacteraceae and genus Turicibacter were all nominally associated with all antropometric measures. Figure 1 also shows consistent patterns of associations between the relative abundance of selected microbial genera and the six anthropometric measures. There was some overlap, but the correlations were not identical to the linear regression results. Specifically, after correction for multiple testing, the relative abundance of the genus Oscillospira was significantly inversely related to all six measures by linear regression (Table 4). Figure 2 depicts the dose–response decrease in relative abundance of the genus Oscillospira with increasing tertiles of each anthropometric measure by linear regression and by ANOVA. The relative abundance of the genus Acidaminococcus was significantly positively associated with BMI, WC, and HC. The relative abundance of the family S24-7 was significantly inversely related to all the six anthropometric measures by linear regression (Table 4). The relative abundance of the Ruminococcaceae family was inversely related to MUAC, WC, and WHR by linear regression (Table 4). Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses excluding very lean subjects with BMI <18.5 (see Supplemental Table 1). The means, standard deviations, and medians of the relative abundance of the four significant taxa, as well as the percentage of samples the taxa were present in, are shown in Table 5.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Organism
- Bacteria
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- Negativicutes
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Gram-Positive Bacteria
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