Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Oropharynx
Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa in Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Examination under anaesthesia is recommended to assess the involvement of local structures, as this is difficult to assess on imaging. In the era of availability of transoral surgery (either laser or robotic) for oropharyngeal carcinoma, it is important to recognise the role of tonsillectomy or tonsil biopsy. In patients where the tumour is clinically obvious it is enough to perform incisional biopsy to obtain diagnosis. In patients where the tonsils are clinically normal, then tonsillectomy should be performed to ensure the optimal chance of identifying the tumour. Standard tonsillectomy, in the setting of tonsil cancer, is not therapeutic or advantageous to the patient; however, it can make subsequent transoral surgery more challenging and therefore limit the therapeutic options available to the patient.
Cure Models for Multivariate Survival Data and Competing Risks
Yingwei Peng, Binbing Yu in Cure Models, 2021
The data we consider for the demonstration are from a tonsil cancer clinical trial study conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group in the United States (Kalbfleisch and Prentice, 2002). There are 195 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of three sites in the oropharynx between 1968 and 1972 in six participating institutions in the study. Patients in each institution were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: radiation therapy alone or radiation therapy together with a chemotherapeutic agent. The survival time (time) is defined as the time (in days) from diagnosis to death due to the cancer. Other variables include censoring indicator cens, sex, tstage (tumor stage with 1 for massive invasive tumor and 0 for primary tumor measuring 2 cm or less in largest diameter, the primary tumor measuring 2 to 4 cm in the largest diameter, and minimal infiltration in depth, or primary tumor measuring more than 4 cm), age, condition (general condition with 0 for no disability, and 1 for cases with restricted work capability, requiring assistance with self care or bed confined), grade (well, moderate, and poorly differentiated respectively), and the institution code inst. We delete observations from patient 136, 141, and 159 due to invalid values in grade and condition. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve in Figure 4.1 levels off at about 0.18, which suggests that a cure fraction may present in this data and a cure model should be considered. The patients are clustered by institutions where the shared environment and the treatment resources may cause the correlation among the cure status and among the failure times of uncured patients in one institution. Therefore both the cure fraction and the cluster effect must be considered in a model for the data (Lai and Yau, 2008).
Identification of antigen-specific neutrophils in the tonsils with recurrent acute inflammation
Published in Autoimmunity, 2020
Cai-Jie Zhou, Li-Hua Mo, Xiang-Qian Luo, Gui Yang, Wei-Liang Diao, Shi-Ping Hu, Ping-Chang Yang
Surgically removed Rtn tonsils and the marginal non-tumour tonsillar tissues of tonsil cancer (Ttn, in short; proved by pathologists) were collected. The tonsillar tissues were processed for paraffin sections and H&E staining. Profound inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the Rtn tissues (Figure 1(A)). The inflammation scores were determined for each sample, which was significantly higher in the Rtn group than that in the Ttn group (Figure 1(B)). Single cells were prepared with the tonsillar tissues and analyzed by flow cytometry. The major inflammatory cells, PMNs, and eosinophils were counted. Rtn PMNs occupied about 1/3rd of the tonsil single cells, while less than 5% PMNs were detected in Ttn samples (Figure 1(C,D)). About 3% of eosinophils were detected in tonsil single cells in both Rtn and Ttn samples (Figure 1(E,F)). A positive correlation (r = .7352; p = .0002) between the inflammation scores and PMN counts was determined (Figure 1(G)). A positive correlation was also found between Rtn inflammatory scores and MPO (Figure 1(H,I), r = .6565, p = .0017), or neutrophil elastase (Figure 1(J,K), r = .6687, p = .0013). The results suggest that PMNs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Rtn.
Distinct microbial communities colonize tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Angelina De Martin, Mechthild Lütge, Yves Stanossek, Céline Engetschwiler, Jovana Cupovic, Kirsty Brown, Izadora Demmer, Martina A. Broglie, Markus B. Geuking, Wolfram Jochum, Kathy D. McCoy, Sandro J. Stoeckli, Burkhard Ludewig
Current conclusions about the association of the microbiome with oralpharyngeal cancer have been mainly drawn from studies using saliva or oral rinse microbiomes.41,43,44 Using tonsillar crypt biopsies, our study has identified a set of bacterial species that appears to be tonsil cancer-predictive. The elevated abundance of P. melaninogenica in tonsil cancer is consistent with the heightened presence of this bacterial species in saliva of oral cancer patients.45 The latter study of Mager et al.45 has used DNA hybridization to detect 40 distinct bacterial species in saliva specimen. A later study based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing has found a higher abundance of F. nucleatum subspecies polymorphum and Porphyromonas aeruginosa in archived frozen tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, whereas bacterial species such as Streptococcus mitis, Rothia mucilaginosa and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were more frequent in epithelial swabs of healthy controls.35 These previous studies, together with the data presented here indicate that the assessment of bacterial dysbiosis with the quantification of differentially abundant bacterial “indicator” species could guide the diagnosis of oropharyngeal malignancies. Clearly, future studies will be required to further validate the set of bacterial species for diagnosis of tonsil cancer elaborated here and to define niche-specific microbiome alterations in other oropharyngeal cancer entities.
Prophylactic contralateral neck dissection has no advantage in patients with early stage HPV-positive tonsil cancer
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Kwang-Jae Cho, Min-Sik Kim, Jung-Hae Cho, In-Chul Nam, Choung-Soo Kim, Geun-Jeon Kim, Young-Hoon Joo
A retrospective chart review of 54 patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of tonsils who underwent upfront surgical resection of the primary tumor with bilateral neck dissection at the Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, the Catholic University of Korea (Seoul, Korea) from 1999 to 2019 were reviewed. These patients had undergone 47 (87.0%) transoral lateral oropharyngectomies and 8 (13.0%) open surgical treatments with lateral pharyngotomy approach. All patients received a neck dissection at the time of the primary surgery. pCND was performed for tonsil cancer patients in clinical or radiologic negative contralateral lymph nodes. For ipsilateral cervical lymph nodes, radical neck dissection for 4 cases, modified radical neck dissection for 47 cases, and selective (levels II–IV or I–IV) neck dissection for 3 cases were performed. For contralateral cervical lymph nodes, selective (levels II–IV or I–IV) neck dissection for 52 cases and modified radical neck dissection for 2 cases were performed. Tumor HPV status was considered positive if p16 immunohistochemistry was positive.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biopsy
- Edema
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- Papillomavirus Infection
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