Infection and immunology
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge in MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
5.13. Which of the following statements is/are true of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections in children?They are diagnosed by demonstrating cold agglutinins in the blood.They are a most common cause of pneumonia in school age children.The organism is easily grown from sputum cultures.The infections are associated with middle ear disease.They are treated with erythromycin.
Deafness and hearing loss
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize in Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
The most common conductive hearing loss in the middle ear is otitis media, or an inflammation of the middle ear. Chronic inflammations result in adhesions between the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain that may restrict the mobility of the ossicular chain and inhibit normal transmission of sound impulses. Another conductive hearing disorder that is bone conducted instead of air conducted may occur when new bony growths surround the capsule in the middle ear and affect sound conduction. In most cases, this condition can be corrected surgically, whereas inflammation of the middle ear is treated by medication. If the condition remains chronic, the use of amplification and speech training allows children to remain in regular classes. However, teachers should be concerned that losses of 15 db can affect educational performance.
The Role of the Audiologist in Life Care Planning
Roger O. Weed, Debra E. Berens in Life Care Planning and Case Management Handbook, 2018
Acoustic immittance, sometimes referred to as acoustic impedance, measures the mobility of the middle ear system. The middle ear is basically a vibratory system consisting of the eardrum and the three middle ear bones: the malleus, incus, and stapes. The middle ear is responsible for taking acoustic energy (sound) and transferring it via mechanical energy from the outer ear to the fluids in the inner ear. The functioning of the middle ear affects the way people hear. Tympanometry is a measure of the mobility of the middle ear (compliance) as a function of middle ear pressure, measured in da pascals (daPa). The results are displayed on a graph called a tympanogram (Figure 10.5), and interpretation of these results can help indicate the site of the lesion or the part of the auditory system causing a hearing loss (ASHA, 1991).
Leveraging real-world data to improve cochlear implant outcomes: Is the data available?
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Callum Findlay, Mathew Edwards, Kate Hough, Mary Grasmeder, Tracey A. Newman
Indirect indicators of middle ear inflammation were also reviewed. These indicators included past otology history, examination findings (otoscopy and tympanometry), cross-sectional imaging results, and past surgical history. The surgical history most suggestive of MEI was previous insertion of grommets (57.7%) but also included mastoidectomy (17.3%), tympanoplasty (11.5%). A minority had undergone adenoidectomy (3.8%). 9.6% of those with previous surgery had undergone stapedectomy, whilst otosclerosis does not involve widespread inflammation of the middle ear, the stapedectomy procedure itself would have caused inflammation within the middle ear. The results of this evaluation can be seen in Fig. 2D–O. In individuals with direct evidence of MEI recorded, indirect indicators inferred MEI in 47.8% of otology histories, 34.2% of examination results, 19.8% of imaging results and 26.1% of surgical histories. Overall, 68.4% of patients with direct recording of past MEI also had indirect factors suggestive of MEI.
Numerical analysis of the effects of ossicular chain malformations on bone conduction stimulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Yu Zhao, Wen Liu, Houguang Liu, Jianhua Yang, Lei Zhou, Xinsheng Huang
The human ear FE model was developed based on a fresh human temporal bone, which comprises an ear canal, a middle ear and a spiral cochlea, as shown in Figure 2. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. The middle ear portion of the model comprises the middle ear cavity, the tympanic membrane (TM), ossicular chain, ligaments, and tendons. The cochlea is filled with lymph fluid and includes the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, helicotrema, basilar membrane (BM), bony spiral plate, and RW membrane. In addition, the bony wall was built as a layer shell elements at the outer layer of the cavities (the ear canal and the middle ear cavity) and the cochlea, which was in contact with the air and the lymph fluid in this model. The BM was connected with the bony wall via the bony spiral plate.
High-resolution computed tomography temporal bone imaging in achondroplasia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Puneet S. Kochar, Priti Soin, Ayah Megahed
The predominant temporal bone imaging feature is rotation and upward tilting of the petrous temporal bones, giving a “towered” petrous ridges appearance.6,7 The IAC-IAC angle is reduced, ranging from 110° to 129° (normal 157–175°). The IACs are normal. Additionally, the cochlea rotates in relation to the middle ear cavity, leading to a vertically oriented geniculate ganglion. However, the cochlea is morphologically normal. The vestibules are also rotated, leading to a downward-directed oval window.6 Middle ear ossicles are usually normal in size and morphology. However, secondary to the rotation, the malleus body and long process of incus project into the axial images, giving a broader ice cream cone appearance. The external acoustic canal (EAC) is rotated to a lesser extent than the medial temporal bone, leading to an abnormal orientation of the EAC and tympanic membrane with the lateral labyrinth wall at the time of clinical exam. Instead of encountering the promontory from the EAC as the tympanic membrane is reflected, the examiner is either not able to see the promontory or at best is able to see its inferior margin. The bony structure in the way is the scutum. On imaging, the scutum points downwards below the level of the promontory. The Körner septum becomes more horizontally rotated.6 The carotid canal is foreshortened with medialization of the distal ends. The ascending portion of the carotid canal is medially angulated instead of having a normal vertical orientation.6
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cochlea
- Eustachian Tube
- Inner Ear
- Ossicles
- Oval Window
- Pharynx
- Tympanic Cavity
- Eardrum
- Ear
- Tympanic Part of The Temporal Bone