ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy in Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Cavitation was produced in the enamel and dentin of the mandibular incisors. Adjacent to the cavitation, normal appearing enamel was replaced by a chalky white, amorphous substance in the 35-J animals and by a smooth, glassy substance in the 55-J animals. Initially, there was a small reddish brown lesion at the site of the tongue exposed to 35 J. After 3 days, a sharply demarcated large ulcer was manifest. Adjacent mucosa was erythematous and edematous. In hamsters given 55 J, the ulcerated area on the tongue was deeper, with greater reddening and swelling of the adjacent mucosa at 3 days than in those given the lower dose. Lingual papillae were flattened, and the entire tongue was enlarged and swollen. At 7 days, the tongue was still edematous, and healing was less advanced than in animals given the lower exposure. Microscopically, the tongue ulcers had the typical pattern of nonspecific ulceration, with acute purulent inflammation. Evidence of granulation tissue formation and epithelialization was present at 7 days. Tongues exposed to 55 J showed disruption of muscle bundles and destruction of striated muscle tissue. Epithelium was thin and papillae were atrophied. The dental pulps of the irradiated incisors had severe degenerative changes. Less severe pulpal degeneration was evident in the molar teeth located at some distance from the laser focal point.
Head and Neck
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno in Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
As explained in Section 3.4.4.2, the tongue is a peculiar structure of the adult head, both developmentally and evolutionarily, because its muscles actually derive from the somites. To form the tongue, trunk mesodermal myocytes migrated around and beneath the pharynx and then rostrally to the oral region. Correspondingly, in humans these muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) and by C1 (which runs with the hypo-glossal nerve to innervate the geniohyoid muscle). The tongue includes the root of the tongue (posterior one-third), the body of the tongue (anterior two-thirds), and the apex of the tongue; these regions and the dorsum of the tongue are shown in Plate 3.40. The dorsum of the tongue includes the foramen cecum lying in the midline at the point of the terminal sulcus (sulcus terminalis); this foramen marks the origin of the thyroglossal duct, formed by the caudal migration of the embryonic thyroid gland from an invagination of the tongue epithelium. Anterior to the terminal sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue is covered with lingual papillae (vallate, filiform, fungiform, and foliate) and is divided in the midline by the median sulcus. Posterior to the terminal sulcus lies the lingual tonsil. The median glossoepiglottic fold is a midline mucosal fold connecting the dorsum of the tongue to the epiglottis and lying medial to the lateral glossoepiglottic folds; the depressions between the median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds are the epiglottic valleculae.
Nutritional Implications of Hepatointestinal Disorders
Victor R. Preedy, Ronald R. Watson in Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2017
Blood levels of B vitamins have been assessed40 in 172 alcoholic patients: 57 with a normal liver, 47 with fatty change, and 68 with cirrhosis on liver biopsy. It is not clear from the paper whether they were inpatients or not, nor what the criteria for inclusion in the study were. All but 18 were considered to have grossly deficient diets. Folic acid deficiency occurred in nearly one-half of those with cirrhosis, 40% of those with fatty liver and 30% of those without liver abnormality. Vitamin B6 deficiency occurred in about 40% of cirrhotics and 25% of those with normal liver histology, with those with fatty livers intermediate. This pattern of increased likelihood of deficiency for cirrhotics was repeated for B1 (about 35%), riboflavin (about 25%) and nicotinic acid (about 30%) though significant proportions even of those with normal livers had deficiencies too. Vitamin B12 deficiency occurred in about 10% as did biotin deficiency. In this series clinical stigmata of hypovitaminosis were regularly elicited: 40 of 44 patients with peripheral neuropathy had a low thiamine level, 2 had a low pantothenic acid level, and low pyridoxine and nicotinic acid accounted for 1 each. Glossitis, cheilitis (sic), and/or atrophy of lingual papillae were accompanied by low nicotinic acid and/or low riboflavin levels in 80% of 60 patients; 7 patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had low thiamine levels; 5 patients had characteristic symptoms and signs of pellagra confirmed by a low serum nicotinic acid level.
Comparative studies on the tongue of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the common quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Amany Attaallah, Yousra Fouda, Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M. B. Saleh
Based on our findings, the architectural anatomy of the tongue in R. aegyptiacus appeared differed and more complicated compared with tongue of C. coturnix. Such anatomical variation and complication are mainly attributed to the gross morphology of the tongues, the shape, size, orientation, and distribution of lingual papillae as well as the lingual glands and their intensity of secretions.
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