Bones, joints, muscles and tendons
Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas in Browse’s Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease, 2014
Myositis ossificans is calcification, or ossification, in part of a muscle. It is an uncommon condition that may follow an injury that has caused extensive intramuscular haemorrhage, sometimes associated with a fracture of the adjacent bone. Bone pain and joint pain are often ‘diffuse’ and poorly localized. A ‘greenstick’ fracture is a type of incomplete fracture that is common in childhood, in which the bone buckles like a bent green twig, but the periosteum and bone ends remain in continuity. Tendons can be ruptured by direct violence, especially if they have been weakened by rubbing over a bone, which causes attritional wear. Bone can become infected by organisms that reach it through the bloodstream or directly through a wound. The tumour has a red fleshy appearance and consists of multinucleate giant cells in a background of stromal cells that extend into the surrounding bone.
Cranial Neuropathies II, III, IV, and VI
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Strictly speaking, the optic nerve extends from the eyeball to the chiasm. Any disease that impacts the retinal ganglion cells including those of the optic chiasm and optic tract can have structural and functional effects on the optic nerves. The optic nerve head is supplied by a circular anastomosis of the posterior ciliary arteries called the circle of Zinn–Haller. These anastomoses are variable and scant, so the optic nerve head can be a watershed area. The intraorbital optic nerve travels within the cone formed by the extraocular muscles and exits the orbit through the optic canal, which is situated in the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The dura covering the optic nerve becomes invested in the periosteum of the optic canal at the annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex. Discordance between severe dyschromatopsia and mildly impaired visual acuity is a unique characteristic of optic neuropathy which can be useful in differentiating optic neuropathy from other causes of visual loss.
Bone — An Organ of the Support and Locomotor Apparatus Containing all Types of Connective Tissue
Nikolay Petrovich Omelyanenko in Connective Tissue, 2014
The structural foundation of bone, as an organ (BO), consists of bone proper, the periosteum and endosteum, together with the bone marrow, blood vessels and nerves (Fig. 6.1). The constituents of bone are composed of all types of connective tissue: bone, cartilage, fibrous and adipose. The functions and properties of bone are determined by its components: biomechanical (integrating, supporting, protective and locomotor), plastic, morphogenetic, metabolic, hematopoietic and immune. Each bone component performs its specific function or functions, and is also involved in supporting the functions of other components. These interactions or cooperation make bone an independent organ.
Periosteum and bone marrow in bone lengthening: A DEXA quantitative evaluation in rabbits
Published in Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 1998
Jean-Marc Guichet, Pierre Braillon, Olivier Bodenreider, Pierre Lascombes
We quantitatively studied the role of periosteum and bone marrow-endosteum during lengthening in 18 growing rabbits, comparing four surgical procedures: 1) periosteum and bone marrow preservation, 2) periosteum preservation, bone marrow destruction, 3) periosteum destruction, bone marrow preservation, 4) periosteum and bone marrow destruction. An external fixator was set on one femur, the other serving as a control. Distraction began on day 5 and stopped on day 25 (0.25 mm/12 hours). On day 30, femora were harvested with a layer of muscle. Area, bone mineral content and density were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Procedure 2 showed the highest increase in bone mineral content around the elongated callus (127%) compared to procedures: 1 (81%), 3 (25 %) and 4 (-8%, i.e., resorption of bone ends). A statistically significant effect on bone formation was observed when preserving (vs. destroying): 1) periosteum, 2) bone marrow (effect observed only around the distraction gap), 3) periosteum and bone marrow in combination. Periosteum alone forms a larger callus, with more mineral content than bone marrow alone, and destruction of both results in the absence of bone formation around the distraction area. Careful preservation of periosteum is essential to bone healing. Formation of bone with a large mineral content does not require bone marrow preservation, but there is an interaction effect on healing between bone marrow and periosteum.
Differential phenotypic characteristics of heterogeneous cell population in the rabbit periosteum
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2005
Inchan Youn, Jun-Kyo Francis Suh, Eric A Nauman, Deryk G Jones
Background Periosteum and periosteum-derived progenitor cells have demonstrated the potential for stimulative applications in repair of various musculoskeletal tissues. It has been found that the periosteum contains mesenchymal progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating into either osteoblasts or chondrocytes, depending on the culture conditions. Anatomically, the periosteum is a heterogeneous multilayered membrane, consisting of an outer fibrous and an inner cambium layer. The present study was designed to elucidate the phenotypic characteristics of fibrous and cambium layer cells in vitro. Methods Using a sequential enzymatic digestion method, fibrous and cambium layer cells were harvested separately from periosteum-bone explants of the proximal tibia of 6-month-old New Zealand White rabbits. Results We found that the cells from each layer showed distinct phenotypic characteristics in a primary monolayer culture system. Specifically, the cambium cells demonstrated higher osteogenic characteristics (higher alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels) than the fibrous cells. However, these differences diminished with time in vitro. Interpretation Our findings suggest that the periosteum has phenotypically distinct heterogeneous cell populations. Care must be taken in order to identify and distinguish the intrinsic phenotypes of the heterogeneous periosteum-derived cell types in vitro.
Behaviour of Cancellous Bone Graft with and Without Periosteal Isolation in Striated Muscle:An Experimental Study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1988
Heikki J. Jaroma, Veijo A. Ritsilä
The capacity of the periosteum to inhibit resorption of cancellous bone grafts into muscle was investigated in 34 four- to six-week-old rabbits. In 17 experiments the periosteum was wrapped around the grafts with the cambium layer facing the bone, and in seven experiments with the cambium layer facing the muscle. In the control group of 10 experiments there was no periosteal wrapping around the bone grafts. In Series 1 with the cambium layer of the periosteum facing the bone, after 20 weeks a tubular bone with Haversian system and bone marrow was seen. The transplants were surrounded by normal-looking periosteum. Bone formation from the periosteum occurred through enchondral ossification. Inductive bone growth was observed from the cancellous graft. In Series 2 with the cambium layer facing the surrounding muscle tissue, after 20 weeks two laminar bone blocks with periosteum in between and surrounding each block was observed. In the control series without periosteal covering, after 20 weeks only fibrous tissue remained in the transplantation site. It is obvious that periosteal isolation of cancellous bone grafts inhibits their resorption when transplanted into muscle in young animals.