Running
Paul Grimshaw, Michael Cole, Adrian Burden, Neil Fowler in Instant Notes in Sport and Exercise Biomechanics, 2019
Attempting to correct the degree of over-pronation in a runner may not be the correct solution for the medical practitioner. In fact, treatment of such injury-promoting issues requires a careful balance and interpretation of the exact cause of the excessive or insufficient pronation and supination. For example, an excessive pronator may land on the ground in a rolled-over or pronated position (i.e. on the medial (inside) edge of the heel or mid-foot) and then continue to pronate too much and for far too long into the stance phase. On the other hand, an excessive supinator may land on the lateral edge of the heel and then not pronate at all. This athlete may roll outwards on the outer edge of the heel from heel strike all the way through to toe-off. These are two extreme cases of over-pronation and over-supination. Injuries such as patella tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, shin splints, iliotibial band friction syndrome and patellofemoral pain syndrome are just a few of the many that can manifest from pronation and supination concerns. Of these common running-related injuries, patellofemoral pain syndrome is considered one of the more problematic injuries and it typically presents as an anterior knee joint pain.
Approaches to the study of artificial sports surfaces
Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett in Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Injury incidence on artificial sports surfaces has been reported for a range of sports. In tennis, the introduction of relatively hard court surfaces has been associated with an increased incidence of overuse injuries such as ‘shin splints’, Achilles tendinitis and patello-femoral pain (PFP) (Bocchi, 1984; Chard and Lachmann, 1987). Bastholt (2000) reported injury data in relation to surface for three year’s of play in the men’s ATP tour, with four surfaces utilized: indoor carpet, clay, hard court and grass. It was found that the distribution of injury location was similar for the four surfaces, with up to 50 per cent of injuries being to the lower extremity. Of these lower extremity injuries, the average number of treatments per match on grass was found to be more than double that on clay. The relative risk of lower extremity injury was also found to be significantly lower on hard court than on grass, but higher on hard court than on clay. Based on these data, it was concluded that playing on grass or hard courts resulted in more lower extremity injuries than playing on clay. Bastholt (2000) discussed differences in style of play on different surfaces possibly contributing to these differences in injury treatments and also highlighted the relative hardness and roughness of hard court surfaces. In support of the suggested relationship between tennis playing surface and injury occurrence, Nigg and Segesser (1988) reported a lower incidence of injury on clay surfaces than on artificial tennis court surfaces. These authors reported results of a questionnaire returned by 1,003 players performing on a range of surfaces including clay, synthetic sand, a synthetic surface and asphalt. The synthetic sand surface included a loose granular topping, whilst the synthetic surface had no granular topping. It was found that there were significantly more injuries reported by players performing on the synthetic surface than for those playing on clay or synthetic sand.
Test Paper 6
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike in Get Through, 2017
Stress also can result in shin splints, which are probably an early stress response secondary to periosteal traction. In cases of stress fractures, MR imaging shows diffuse and irregular bone marrow oedema, whereas in shin splints, the area of high signal intensity often is more linear and is limited to the medial aspect of the tibia.
Efficacy of kinesiology taping on the management of shin splints: a systematic review
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Suimin Guo, Peizhen Liu, Beibei Feng, Yangfan Xu, Yuling Wang
Shin splint, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is one of the most common overuse-related injuries that cause pain and disorders associated with activity. It is defined as ‘diffuse pain caused by exercise-induced pain along the posteromedial border of the distal two-thirds of the tibia’ [1]. Shin splints is frequently observed in athletes, particularly runners, and military personnel trainees [2,3], although it may also occur in ordinary people who are not engaged in intense exercises. The prevalence of shin splints among runners ranges from 13.2% to 17.3% [4]. The incidence of shin splints in navy recruits is the highest, reaching 35% [5], probably because of overtraining and physical exercises with significantly high intensities and durations [6]. Shin splints adversely affect their normal training performance, motor performance and even physical function [7]. Moreover, shin splints may cause complications, such as stress fracture [8], which undoubtedly undermine daily activities and sports routines. Pain is the most serious symptom of shin splints, and other associated disorders include movement disorders and proprioceptive disability [6].
Chronic diseases and allergies are risk factors predictive of a history of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) in distance runners: SAFER study XXIV
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Pieter-Henk Boer, Martin P. Schwellnus, Esmè Jordaan
Increased training and years of running is associated with higher risk of running-related injuries [7,9,10]. The nature of endurance running makes these athletes particularly susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries and more specifically lower leg injuries [11,12]. A common lower leg running related injury is exercise-induced pain along the distal posteromedial border of the tibia with pain on palpation over a length >5 centimeters [13]. This syndrome has historically been referred to as “shin splints,” “medial tibial syndrome,” “tibial stress syndrome,” and “soleus enthesopathy” or “soleus syndrome” [14–16]. All these syndromes are now collectively referred to medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), and this is the nomenclature adopted in this study [15,16]. MTSS is a clinical syndrome that causes localized pain across the distal two-thirds of the postero – medial tibia at the muscle-tendon junction [15,16] and the pathology is therefore not only bony but also involves the muscle-tendon-bone interface [16]. MTSS is reported to be the cause of 15–35% of lower extremity injuries affecting recreational and competitive runners [14,16–21].
Part I: epidemiology and risk factors for stress fractures in female athletes
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Alexandra Abbott, Mackenzie L. Bird, Emily Wild, Symone M. Brown, Greg Stewart, Mary K. Mulcahey
In a study of male and female high school runners, Yagi et al. found an association of higher BMI with increased risk of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and SFx [39]. The mean BMIs reported in this study were 18.4 kg/m2, 19.3 kg/m2, and 19.1 kg/m2 for uninjured, MTSS, and SFx groups, respectively. In adolescents, Field et al. reported no association between BMI and SFx incidence among females aged 9 to 15 in their evaluation of the Growing Up Today Study [27]. However, this study’s age range was the youngest of any of the studies identified. It is possible that body weight and height may be too variable, or that standard BMI may be an inappropriate measure for this age group.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bandage
- Bone Density
- Stress Fracture
- Tibia
- Osteoporosis
- Physical Activity
- Medical Imaging
- NONsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
- Physical Therapy
- Flat Feet