Functional pelvis, hip and knee anatomy
Kesh Patel in Corrective Exercise: A Practical Approach, 2005
Structure and function of the pelvis, hip and knee The pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones (innominate bones) and provides a strong and stable support for the lower extremities. Each hip bone is composed of three separate bones at birth: the ilium, pubis and ischium. These bones eventually fuse at a depression called the acetabulum, which forms the socket for the hip joint.
Pelvis and perineum
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
The word pelvis, as in bony pelvis, means a basin, but it can also be used as a term to mean the lower part of the abdominal cavity. When in the anatomical position, the bony pelvis is structured so that body weight is transmitted from the vertebral column to the lower limbs through the bony pelvis. The hip bone is formed from three fused bones: the ilium, the ischium and the pubis. Anteriorly the two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The rectum is the continuation of the sigmoid colon, beginning at the level of the third segment of the sacrum and lying in the concavity of the lower sacrum and coccyx. The anal canal continues from the lower end of the rectum as the last 4 cm of the alimentary tract, ending at the anus just posterior to the perineal body.
Lower limb
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
The lower limb accounts for 10" of the body weight. The delicate pirouette of the ballet dancer and the relentless plod of the marathon runner are different examples of lower limb movement and control of the centre of body mass. The two hip bones are firmly united anteriorly, in the midline by the pubic symphysis, and posteriorly each articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints, so forming the bony pelvis. Muscles passing anterior to the hip are the flexors of the hip joint and are closely associated with the femoral vessels and nerve. The femoral pulse can be felt at a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle. A loop of intestine may protrude through the ring with a peritoneal covering into the canal, so forming a femoral hernia. Inguinal nodes may become involved as a result of disease in the perineum and gluteal region and from the lower limb and lower abdominal wall.
Dietary Caffeine Intake Is Not Correlated with Adolescent Bone Gain
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1998
Tom Lloyd, Nan Johnson Rollings, Kessey Kieselhorst, Douglas F. Eggli, Elizabeth Mauger
Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether dietary caffeine consumed by American white females between ages 12 to 18 affects total body bone mineral gain during ages 12 to 18 or affects hip bone density measured at age 18. Methods: The Penn State Young Women’s Health Study is a longitudinal investigation of bone, endocrine and cardiovascular health in non-Hispanic, white, teenage women. Nutrient and food group intakes were obtained by averaging over 6 years of prospective diet records. The cohort, as of age 18, (n = 81) was separated into three subgroups according to mean daily caffeine intake averaged across ages 12 to 18. Group I (n = 37) consumed less than 25 mg caffeine per day; Group II (n = 33) consumed 25 to 50 mg caffeine per day; and Group III (n = 11) consumed greater than 50 mg caffeine per day. The group mean daily caffeine intakes (SD) were Group I = 14 (6) mg/day; Group II = 35 (7) mg/day; Group III = 77 (27) mg/day. Total body bone gain and hip bone density were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: There were no significant differences among the three caffeine intake groups for total body bone mineral gain during the ages 12 to 18 or of hip bone density at age 18. The low caffeine intake group consumed more milk (and therefore more calcium) and more fruit per day than did the other two groups. Group III, the highest caffeine intake group, consumed more sugar per day than did the other two groups. The observed differences in nutrient and food intakes among the three groups were not associated with any differences in anthropometric measurements or bone gain among the three groups. Conclusion: These findings indicate that dietary caffeine intake at levels presently consumed by American white, teenage women is not correlated with adolescent total bone mineral gain or hip bone density at age 18.
Factors Influencing Serum Homocysteine Levels in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Females – Comparison to Urinary Collagen Crosslinks –
Published in Endocrine Research, 2019
Tsuyoshi Ohishi, Tomotada Fujita, Tatsuya Nishida, Mitsuru Asukai, Daisuke Suzuki, Kaori Sugiura, Yukihiro Matsuyama
ABSTRACT Purpose: The correlation between serum levels of homocysteine and bone mineral density remains controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the potential factors associated with the levels of serum total homocysteine (S-Hcy) and urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (U-NTX) in female osteoporotic patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 163 female osteoporotic patients, aged between 48 and 91 years, who had never been treated with anti-osteoporosis therapy. Background data including spine and hip bone mineral density, ongoing therapy for the metabolic disease, aortic calcification score as evaluated by lateral lumbar X-ray film, and recent fragility fracture history were obtained. S-Hcy, U-NTX levels, and creatinine clearance were measured. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between S-Hcy levels and aortic calcification score (p = 0.022), creatinine clearance (p = 0.004), and recent fracture history (within 1 year after fracture) (p = 0.028); conversely, U-NTX levels correlated significantly with total hip bone mineral density (p < 0.0001) and recent fracture history (p = 0.0007). Conclusions: S-Hcy levels had no correlation with bone mineral density, but were associated with the degree of aortic calcification, renal function, and fracture events. These confounding factors should be taken into consideration when the relationship between S-Hcy and bone mineral density is discussed.
Force attenuation capacity and thermophysiological wear comfort of vertically lapped nonwoven fabric
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Wiah Wardiningsih, Olga Troynikov
Hip-protective pads are designed to prevent hip fracture in elderly women. Two types of vertically lapped nonwoven fabrics were evaluated for suitability as materials for hip-protective pads. The force attenuation capacity of pads made from these fabrics was studied using drop impact tests, and performance relevant to thermophysiological wear comfort measured using a sweating guarded hot plate. The results indicate that vertically lapped nonwoven fabrics are suitable materials for soft hip-protective pads. They provide effective protection for the hip bone, and have similar force attenuation capacity to closed-cell foam. The inter-fibre and voids in nonwoven structures enable moisture to escape to the environment, and the experimental vertically lapped nonwoven fabric pads had significantly higher ability to transfer moisture than closed-cell foam pads.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ischium
- Pubic Symphysis
- Joint
- Sacrum
- Pubis
- Ilium