Lower Limb Muscles
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo in Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
This chapter provides evolutionary theoretical background for variations and defects of lower limb muscles; and summarizes each variation and defect found in every skeletal muscle. Gluteus maximus originates from the ilium, sacrum, coccyx, aponeurosis of erector spinae, sacrotuberous ligament, and the gluteal aponeurosis. Gluteus maximus has similar origins and attachments in the apes, but compared with humans, gluteus maximus in the apes is reduced in size and thickness and is more developed in its distal portions. Variations in the gluteal muscles including division of the muscle into multiple parts should be acknowledged when considering injections into the gluteal musculature. Piriformis may have an origin from the upper part of the pelvic aspect of the sacrotuberous ligament. Anomalous presentations of piriformis include variable insertions, the presence of accessory slips, complete absence, or splitting of the muscle belly by the peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve.
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Adrian K. Dixon, David J. Bowden, Harold Ellis, Bari M. Logan in Human Sectional Anatomy, 2015
This section traverses the tip of the coccyx (27) and passes through the pubic symphysis in its upper part (1). Note that the vagina (31) is transected in its upper part so that the external os of the cervix (30) can be seen peeping through, with the posterior fornix of the vagina behind it. Alongside the vagina are the vaginal vessels (29). The vaginal artery usually corresponds to the inferior vesical artery in the male and is a branch of the internal iliac artery. It is frequently double or triple. It supplies the vagina as well as the fundus of the bladder and the adjacent part of the rectum and anastomoses with branches of the uterine artery.
A-P Full Spine and Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx Views
Russell L. Wilson in Chiropractic Radiography and Quality Assurance Handbook, 2020
The exposure time for the A-P full spine is the longest exposure time that one typically experiences. Radiography of the lumbar spine region will provide the greatest radiation exposure to the patient. For this reason, accurate positioning, measurements, and gonadal protection is very important. The technique is based on measurements at the umbilicus. The A-P full spine is included in the lumbar region because the basic technical factors are established to visualize the lumbar spine and pelvis. The A-P or P-A lumbopelvis view is used only by chiropractors. Patients should lock knees and remove shoes for the lumbar spine and full spine studies. They should also have their feet placed at about shoulder-width apart to minimize motion. All of the lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx views can be taken A-P or P-A. The P-A views will have more magnification but will reduce the exposure for female patients.
Lecture 24: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Obstetrics
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 1969
Coccygodynia in the obstetric patient is best treated by Thiele's technic. Heat applied for relaxation is followed by intrapelvic massage and stretching of the tight, painful band extending unilaterally or bilaterally from the sacrum and coccyx to the pubis. The obstetric patient should be trained in both antenatal and postnatal exercises for rehabilitating muscles after childbirth.
Seat Belt Use to Save Face: Impact on Drivers’ Body Region and Nature of Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2015
Guang-Ming Han, Ashley Newmyer, Ming Qu
Background: Seat belt use is the single most effective way to save lives and reduce injuries in motor vehicle crashes. However, some case reports described seat belt use as a double-edged sword because some injuries are related to seat belt use in motor vehicle crashes. To comprehensively understand the effects of seat belt use, we systemically investigated the association between seat belt use and injuries based on anatomic body region and type of injury in drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes. Methods: The injury information was obtained by linking crash reports with hospital discharge data and categorized by using the diagnosis codes based on the Barell injury diagnosis matrix. A total of 10,479 drivers (≥15 years) in passenger vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes from 2006 to 2011 were included in this study. Results: Seat belt use significantly reduced the proportions of traumatic brain injury (10.4% non-seat belt; 4.1% seat belt) and other head, face, and neck injury (29.3% non-seat belt; 16.6% seat belt) but increased the proportion of spine: thoracic to coccyx injury (17.9% non-seat belt; 35.5% seat belt). Although the proportion of spine: thoracic to coccyx injury was increased in drivers with seat belt use, the severity of injury was decreased, such as fracture (4.2% with seat belt use; 22.0% without seat belt use). Furthermore, the total medical charges decreased due to the change of injury profiles in drivers with seat belt use from a higher percentage of fractures (average cost for per case $26,352) to a higher percentage of sprains and/or strains ($1,897) with spine: thoracic to coccyx injury. Conclusion: This study provide a comprehensive picture for understanding the protective effect of seat belt use on injuries based on anatomic body region and type of injury in drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes.
Ependymal Rests and Subcutaneous Sacrococcygeal Ependymoma
Published in Pathology, 1980
A 2 cm subcutaneous ependymoma was resected from the natal cleft of a 4-yr-old girl. The coccyx was not removed and there has been no recurrence in 14 years. A study of the post-coccygeal region in 15 control infants revealed subcutaneous islands of ependyma, unconnected with the cauda equina, in 4/4 infants with post-anal dimples and in 6/11 infants with no external post-coccygeal anomaly.