Impairment of functions in the neuromusculoskeletal system
Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam in Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
The mobility of joint function refers to a free and full movement of an individual joint. The examiner uses a goniometer or inclinometer to measure a passive range of motion of a joint. Evaluation of mobility of the joint requires a minimum of two measurements to obtain a reliable range without error. It considered the neutral position of the joint as zero position and extended anatomic position of the joint as 0° rather than 180°. The Cobb angle measures the degree of scoliosis in the anteroposterior view of a plain X-ray of the dorsolumbar spine, and the degree of kyphosis in a lateral view of the dorsolumbar spine. It is the angle formed between the parallel lines drawn along the superior endplate of the normal upper vertebra and inferior endplate of the normal lower vertebra (Figure 7.1).
Anaesthetic Management of Early-Onset Scoliosis
Alaaeldin (Alaa) Azmi Ahmad, Aakash Agarwal in Early-Onset Scoliosis, 2021
The scoliotic curves are generally named with the side facing the convexity as left-sided and right-sided curves. The left-sided curves are more frequently associated with congenital anomalies [2]. The most commonly used parameter for grading the severity is the Cobb angle [5]. It is measured by a plain radiograph of the spine, marking the most cephalic end of the curve and the caudal of the curve. A parallel line is drawn along the upper border of the most tilted upper vertebra and the lower border of the lower vertebra, and perpendiculars are dropped along these two parallel lines. The angle made by these two perpendicular lines is defined as the Cobb angle. A Cobb angle of less than 10° is considered normal. Curves less than 30° rarely progress over time, but the progression also depends on factors such as the age of onset of the deformity, the bone age, etc. A retrospective study by Yin et al. [6] reported that a Cobb angle >77° was associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. The main disadvantage of using Cobb angle is that it only quantifies the deformity in two-dimensions (2D) and does not give any information on the rotational deformity [7] and definition of end vertebra causes a source of error [8].
Bones and joints
Brian J Pollard, Gareth Kitchen in Handbook of Clinical Anaesthesia, 2017
The degree of scoliosis is defined by the Cobb angle, which is measured from a standing anteroposterior radiograph of the spine. The first line is taken from the most tilted vertebral body above the scoliosis and extended laterally. The second line is taken from the most tilted vertebra below the scoliosis. The measured angle is at the intersection of these two lines. Although occasional patients may have a principally lumbar scoliosis, the thoracic vertebrae are more commonly involved. The larger the angle, the more severe is the scoliosis and the greater the likelihood of compromised respiratory and cardiovascular function. Patients with neuromuscular type scoliosis may have significant impairment despite lesser abnormalities.
Development of a risk score for scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Katina Pettersson, Philippe Wagner, Elisabet Rodby-Bousquet
Scoliosis is usually defined as a radiographically measured lateral spinal curvature of at least 10° (Cobb 1948, Roberts and Tsirikos 2016), and a Cobb angle of ≥ 40° has been suggested as a cut-off for severe scoliosis when considering surgical interventions (Saito et al. 1998, Persson-Bunke et al. 2012, Hägglund et al. 2018a). But at present there are no internationally agreed criteria for the recommendation of spine surgery (Toovey et al. 2017). Scoliosis can also be identified at clinical examination. Clinically defined moderate or severe scoliosis show a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 96% compared with radiographic Cobb angle (Persson-Bunke et al. 2015). Even though scoliosis usually develops after the age of 8 years (Persson-Bunke et al. 2012), some children may start to develop scoliosis from the age of 5 years (Hägglund et al. 2018a). The most important and rapid growth spurt in children generally occurs from 11 to 14 years of age (Negrini et al. 2018). We therefore decided to identify potential variables at the age of 5 years to predict the risk for development of scoliosis before the age of 16 years.
Postural Stability in Children with High Sacral Level Spina Bifida: Deviations from a Control Group
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2020
Kardelen Gencer-Atalay, Evrim Karadag-Saygi, Samaya Mirzayeva, Ibrahim Gokce, Adnan Dagcinar
Scoliosis was detected by measuring the Cobb angle on anteroposterior scoliosis graphs. A Cobb angle >10° was considered as scoliosis (Kittleson & Lim, 1970). Acetabular dysplasia, hip subluxation, and dislocation were evaluated using the acetabular index (AI), Reimer’s migration index (RMI), and the Shenton line on anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. An AI >30° and an RMI >33% were considered as acetabular dysplasia and hip dislocation, respectively (Donnelly, 2009; Hägglund, Lauge-Pedersen, & Persson, 2007). Foot deformities were examined by measuring the talocalcaneal angle (TCA) and talus first metatarsal angles (T1MA) on both anteroposterior and lateral graphs for each foot. The normal values were established as TCA 20°–40°, T1MA –20° to –15° on the anteroposterior graph and TCA 35°–55°, T1MA –20° to –15° on the lateral graph (Simons, 1977). All radiographic measurements were performed by two different physicians on recent radiographs.
A preliminary study in classification of the severity of spine deformation in adolescents with lumbar/thoracolumbar idiopathic scoliosis using machine learning algorithms based on lumbosacral joint efforts during gait
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Bahare Samadi, Maxime Raison, Philippe Mahaudens, Christine Detrembleur, Sofiane Achiche
The gold standard mean to define the severity and progression of scoliosis is measuring the Cobb angle. Therefore, we considered it as the parameter to identify the severity of scoliosis. The data set used in this paper as longitudinal data was obtained from a previous study conducted in (Mahaudens et al. 2009) which has been collected and tracked since 2009. A total of 30 individuals with similar location of spine curvature (Lenke 5-6 (Lenke et al. 2001): main lumbar/thoracolumbar curves) with no spine surgery were included in this study. Thirty individuals in three different classes in terms of severity of the spinal deformity i.e. mild scoliosis (10° < Cobb angle < 25°), moderate scoliosis (25° < Cobb angle < 45°) and severe scoliosis (Cobb angle > 45°) as shown in Table 1 participated in this study. The dataset includes six successive gait cycles on a treadmill for each participant.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Coronal Plane
- Kyphosis
- Sagittal Plane
- Scoliosis
- Vertebra
- Vertebral Column
- Radiography
- Projectional Radiography
- Meta-Analysis