An Introduction to Bone Marrow Transplantation and Processing
Adrian P. Gee in BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
The attempts at bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in man followed rapidly upon the realization and subsequent proof by Lorenz et al. that the radiation-protective effect conferred by bone marrow in mice was due to engraftment and proliferation of viable bone marrow cells. At a very early stage, two distinct approaches emerged: autologous BMT, used in patients with malignant disease as a means of intensifying anticancer treatment, and allogeneic BMT, first employed in the treatment of bone marrow failure, and in patients with uncontrolled leukemia. While experimental models, usually of leukemia eradication in rodents receiving syngeneic transplants of bone marrow, point to a direct relationship between dose administered and cure, it seems likely that treatments used in clinical BMT achieve a level of tumor cell eradication sufficient to explain the observed cures. Clearly, the correction of these nonmalignant disorders is at present in the province only of allogeneic BMT, since correction relies upon a source of normal hemopoietic stem cells.
IVIM MRI and Bone Marrow
Denis Le Bihan, Mami Iima, Christian Federau, Eric E. Sigmund in Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MRI, 2018
Bone marrow is one of the largest organs in humans, accounting for approximately 4%–5% of the total body weight. It ensures the continuous generation of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Many bone marrow diseases are diffuse, making whole-body intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) protocols potentially interesting but difficult to apply to the bone marrow. Magnetic resonance imaging is recognized as the key imaging modality for the assessment of bone marrow owing to its rich soft-tissue contrast. Imaging plays a key role in the evaluation of the bone marrow. Positron emission tomography tracers have in addition allowed the analysis of the cellular metabolism and of the proliferative activity within the bone marrow with the use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose or 18F-fluorothymidine. But the anatomical specificities of the bone marrow yield technical challenges that must be overcome. IVIM can better reflect at the tissular and cellular level the changes observed within the bone marrow during aging.
Physiology of blood
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Blood cells originate from a common pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell (PHSC). The PHSCs give rise to all mature blood cells that circulate freely in the peripheral blood. The stem cells undergo cell division and maturation in the bone marrow. The precursor cells are stimulated by haemopoietic growth factors, resulting in considerable amplification within the system and increased production of one or more cell lines in accordance to need. The bone marrow is also the primary origin of lymphocytes, and there is some evidence for a common precursor cell for both myeloid and lymphoid cells. The haemopoietic growth factors are glycoprotein (GP) hormones that regulate the production, differentiation and maturation of haemopoietic precursor cells. Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, and the most primitive cell is the proerythroblast. The red cell membrane is a bipolar lipid layer containing structural and contractile proteins, enzymes and surface antigens.
Bone marrow metastasis by solid tumors—probable hematological indicators and comparison of bone marrow aspirate, touch imprint and trephine biopsy
Published in Hematology, 2010
Smita Chandra, Harish Chandra, Sunil Saini
Bone marrow metastasis is an important presentation of solid tumors affecting their prognosis and management. The present study was conducted to analyze the hematological indicators which can predict the marrow metastasis along with the comparison of bone marrow aspirate, touch imprint and trephine biopsy, to define an effective method for its early diagnosis. The study showed that there was statistical significant difference in mean of mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) between the cases and controls (P<0·001) and MPV at cut off of <8 fl showed significantly high positive predictive value (100%) and likelihood ratio (21·170) for bone marrow metastasis. Furthermore, bone marrow imprint cytology detected metastatic cells in 96% of cases. Thus, the study concluded that low MPV could be used as a probable indicator for bone marrow metastasis and the meticulously prepared touch imprint smears, along with bone marrow aspirate, provide an efficient method for rapid diagnosis of metastasis.
Activation of the polycomb repressive complex pathway in the bone marrow resident cells of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients
Published in Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2016
Eun Ji Oh, Eun Kyung Kim, Woo Ick Yang, Sun Och Yoon
The present study investigated the activation of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) pathway proteins in the resident cells within the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. PRC2 proteins (enhancer of zeste homolog 2, suppressor of zeste 12 homolog, and embryonic ectoderm development), histone methylation mark (H3K27me3), and c-MYC activation were evaluated in pretreatment bone marrow from 208 DLBLC patients. Positive expression of the PRC2, H3K27me3, and c-MYC in the bone marrow resident cells was more frequent in cases with bone marrow involvement of tumor. The expression among PRC2, H3K27me3 mark, and c-MYC was closely correlated. Positive PRC2 expression in bone marrow resident cells was significantly associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) and determined to be an independent prognostic factor of inferior PFS and OS. In conclusion, the PRC pathway was frequently activated in bone marrow resident cells of DLBCL patients, and PRC activation was tumor-related and associated with poor clinical outcomes.
Usefulness of positron emission tomography-CT for diagnosis of primary bone marrow lymphoma in children
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2018
Kyoko Moritani, Naoko Nakano, Sachiko Yonezawa, Fumihiro Ochi, Hisamichi Tauchi, Minenori Eguchi-Ishimae, Mariko Eguchi, Eiichi Ishii, Kozo Nagai
Primary bone marrow lymphoma (PBML) is hard to diagnose in children, due to the difficult identification of malignant cells in bone marrow. The first case, a 5-year-old boy, showed knee swelling with an intermittent fever. The second case, a 12-year-old girl, showed fever of unknown origin without lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. In both cases, the diagnosis was not confirmed despite the repeated bone marrow aspirations. Finally, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy at the positive site by positron emission tomography (PET)-CT contributed to definitive diagnosis of PBML. The PET-CT is useful for the accurate diagnosis of PBML in children with non-specific symptoms.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Epiphysis
- Circulatory System
- Lymphatic System
- Lymphocyte
- Red Blood Cell
- Bone
- Hematopoietic