Segmentation and Analysis of CT Images for Bone Fracture Detection and Labeling
K.C. Santosh, Sameer Antani, D.S. Guru, Nilanjan Dey in Medical Imaging, 2019
This chapter provides brief information about related clinical aspects such as anatomy of long bone, computerized tomography (CT) imaging, andvarious types of fractures. It discusses the reviews of existing CT image segmentation algorithms and computer-based bone fracture analysis systemsare. The chapter describes the design and development of the proposed Computer Aided Design (CAD) system by providing detailed information about preprocessing, segmentation, and label assignment techniques, which are employed for unwanted artifacts removal, bone fragment extraction, and uniquelabel assignment respectively. Patient-specific data collection is the initial step in CAD and surgery simulation system development. The hospitals and radiology centers all over the globe are enriched with biomedical data. A CAD system for bone fracture detection and analysis is developed. In that, 8,000 patient-specific CT images are collected from several radiology centers and hospitals in India.
Posterior Thoracolumbar Spine Surgical Techniques
Alexander R. Vaccaro in Fractures of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine, 2002
I INTRODUCTION Before the use of spinal instrumentation, most paraplegic patients died as a result of large bedsores and urinary tract infections. Poor nonoperative treatment results and a host of complications, including gross angulation of the spine, stiffness of joints, contractures and deformities, seriously delayed or even prevented rehabilitation. Denis et al. documented a 25% incidence of late pain in patients with burst fractures treated nonsurgically (1). Internal fixation of the lumbar spine was first described in 1897 when Wilkins reported tying a carbolized silver suture around the pedicles of the T12 and L1 vertebrae in an infant who was born with a fracture dislocation (2). Early fixation devices, including Weiss springs, the Wilson plate, wire loops, and the Meurig-Williams plate, did not allow early mobilization due to inadequate fixation resulting from metal failure, wire cut-out, or bone fracture (3-6) (Fig. 1).
- Bone Remodeling under Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Clinical Applications
Qing-Hua Qin in Mechanics of Cellular Bone Remodeling, 2013
This chapter deals with the PEMF devices that have been widely used clinically to treat nonunion fracture, accelerate bone fracture recovery, and slow down osteoporosis. It is an extension of Chapters 6 and 7 to the case of bone remodeling under PEMF. The theoretical and numerical results presented in Wang and Qin [1] are described. Typically, a computational method of system biology is used for analyzing bone remodeling under PEMF at the cellular level, based on experimental findings and recent mathematical advances.
Ten-year Statistics and Observation of Facial Bone Fracture
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1991
Michinari Muraoka, Yoshiaki Nakai, Kenichi Shimada, Yoshihiro Nakaki
Six hundred and seventy-four cases of facial bone fracture in the past 10 years were studied with respect to age and sex, region, cause, classification, and treatment at our clinic. About half of the cases of the single fractures of nasal bones were caused by sports and fights. Of the other cases of facial bone fracture, about 40% were caused by traffic accidents. Reduction of facial bone fracture should be performed as soon as possible from a functional as well as cosmetic point of view. Hence precise diagnosis and refined techniques of repairing are mandatory to avoid postoperative complications.
Assessing the risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women who are receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2007
ABSTRACT Objective: To understand better the true impact of widespread adoption of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy on postmenopausal breast cancer patients’ risk of bone fracture. Methods: Data from three different studies were used to estimate the relative risk of bone fracture for each of the following groups of women (i.e., versus a control group of healthy postmenopausal women): (a) healthy postmenopausal women receiving tamoxifen; (b) postmenopausal women who had received treatment for early breast cancer; (c) postmenopausal breast cancer patients on adjuvant tamoxifen therapy; (d) postmenopausal breast cancer patients on adjuvant anastrozole therapy. The results of these analyses were then used to estimate the likely incidence of clinical fracture among such populations in ‘real-life’ clinical practice. Results: Breast cancer survivors were calculated to be at increased risk of clinical bone fracture (i.e., RR 1.15 vs. control group over 5 years). Breast cancer patients initiated on adjuvant anastrozole were also calculated to be at increased risk of bone fracture (RR = 1.36 vs. control group over 5 years), while the calculated risk of fracture among tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients was similar to that observed in the control population (RR = 0.91). Conclusion: Breast cancer patients are at increased risk of clinical bone fracture (compared with the general postmenopausal population) and adjuvant anastrozole therapy slightly adds to this risk. Importantly, however, the absolute risk of bone fracture appears to remain low in each of the evaluated patient populations, suggesting that fear of fracture should not prevent the initiation of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy.
Osteoporosis following organ transplantation: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
Published in Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2011
Organ transplantation has become popular for the management of various chronic illnesses. With the advent of modern immunosuppressive treatments, the longevity of transplant recipients has increased. Consequently, morbid complications such as osteoporosis and bone fractures are seen at an increasing frequency in this population. In most transplant recipients, bone mineral density (BMD) falls shortly after transplantation. However, bone fracture rate plateaus in all except for post-renal transplant patients. Although the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for this difference is not fully understood, potential mechanisms for sustained bone loss in renal transplant recipients may be persistent phosphorus wasting and defective bone mineralization. Current treatment regimens are based on studies in a small numbers of subjects with BMD as the primary outcome. Although BMD is recognized as a gold standard in the assessment of bone fracture risk, to date, its association with bone fracture risk in the general post-transplant population is not robust. Therefore, randomized controlled trials with bone fracture as the primary end point are crucial. The development of noninvasive bone markers in distinguishing bone turnover and bone mineralization status is also pivotal since skeletal lesions are heterogeneous in various organ transplantations. The elucidation of these underlying skeletal lesions is necessary for the consideration of selective treatment in this population.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Osteoporosis
- Bone
- Osteotomy
- Bone Grafting
- Antiseptic
- Stress Fracture
- Bone Tumor