Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay in Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Luteolin also modulates chondrocyte function. In chondrocytes derived from knee joints of rats, luteolin suppressed IL-1β-induced inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNFα, and matrix proteases including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13. These effects are likely mediated by the downregulation of IL-1β-induced NFκB. Luteolin also reversed the IL-1β-mediated downregulation of collagen II protein. Accordingly, in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced model of OA, luteolin at 10 mg/kg oral dose reduced the severity of articular cartilage damage and significantly increased collagen II staining compared to control OA rats (Fei et al., 2019).
Methods for Evaluating Articular Cartilage Quality
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi in Articular Cartilage, 2017
MRI is growing in importance as a noninvasive, diagnostic tool to determine early articular cartilage damage that cannot be imaged using routine radiographic methods (Figure 5.3). MRI is often used to assess joint space narrowing or changes in articular cartilage thickness, as well as changes in articular cartilage hydration, features indicative of various stages and types of pathology. Correlations of MRI-based assessment to arthroscopic, histological, and quantitative characteristics vary with the tissues and injuries imaged and with the experience level of the person interpreting the images. MRI has also been used to assess transplants of native cartilage and of engineered articular cartilage in a nondestructive manner (Zalewski et al. 2008; Juras et al. 2009b; Neu et al. 2009).
The knee
Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse in Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Osteoarthritis can affect all of the soft tissues around the knee but articular cartilage breakdown is a consistent feature which usually starts in an area of excessive loading. These produce a number of typical patterns of articular cartilage damage. Disease localized to the medial compartment is the commonest pattern occurring, producing varus deformity to normal limb alignment. Disease can less commonly be isolated to the lateral or patellofemoral compartments. In more advanced disease the damage extends to more than one compartment. Other intra-articular characteristic features found include peripheral osteophyte formation, bone loss, degenerative change to the menisci and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) destruction.
Progress of co-culture systems in cartilage regeneration
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Jianyu Zou, Bo Bai, Yongchang Yao
Articular cartilage has a unique structure, which is mainly composed of the special extracellular matrix (ECM) with a high water content [1]. Due to the lack of vascularity in mature cartilage and poor proliferation of chondrocytes, even minor cartilage damage cannot repair itself [2]. Therefore, without early and timely effective treatment, articular cartilage damage will gradually increase, eventually leading to joint swelling, pain and limited function, and finally the development of osteoarthritis (OA) [3]. In particular, it has been reported that more than 60% of young patients undergoing knee arthroscopy are diagnosed with articular cartilage damage [4]. Hence, how to efficiently repair articular cartilage has become a research hotspot of clinicians and researchers in recent decades.
Association between gene polymorphisms of TGF-β and Smad3 and susceptibility to arthritis: a meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
Jianxin Liu, Qing Chen, Erpan Alkam, Xiaolan Zheng, Yifei Li, Lufei Wang, Jie Fang
Criteria for inclusion: Studies should be a case-control study or cohort study about polymorphisms of the TGFB1 gene or SMAD family genes with arthritis. Studies should clarify the clinical characteristics of patients involved regarding both clinical symptoms and radiographic findings. Clinical symptoms should include one or more of the following (at least two weeks): articular pain, swelling, erythema, stiffness, and reduced range of motion with or without systemic features. Radiographic findings should include one or more of the following: articular cartilage damage, subchondral bone damage, joint effusion and narrowing articular space. The association between the above genes and arthritis risks should be evaluated. Studies should be based on humans. The genotype in the control group should satisfy Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Specific genotype distribution frequency of cases and controls should be obtainable or able to be calculated.
Intra-articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy: shifting from sustained release to enhancing penetration into cartilage
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Huirong Huang, Zijian Lou, Shimin Zheng, Jianing Wu, Qing Yao, Ruijie Chen, Longfa Kou, Daosen Chen
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent progressive chronic disease globally. It is characterized by an inflammatory environment and articular cartilage damage, leading to more severe synovial edema, osteophytes, and subchondral bone sclerosis (Zhong et al., 2019; Zeng et al., 2021). Further, the cause of OA is still unclear. It is not caused by a single factor but a result of the combination of multiple factors, among which old age and overweight are the main pathogenic factors (Krishnamurthy et al., 2021). The work capacity of OA patients is greatly impaired, which affects their quality of life and causes an economic burden on individuals and society (Losina et al., 2015).