The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla in Textbook of Immunology, 2019
There is no unifying pathogenetic mechanism which is able to account for the high frequency of a variety of hematologic malignancies which are characteristic of AIDS. A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EB V) has been suggested in at least some of these cancers, particularly those of B cell origin. The number of circulating EBV-infected B cells is often increased in AIDS patients. A benign squamous cell proliferation associated with EBV known as oral hairy leukoplakia is also seen frequently in AIDS. Some of the instances of progressive generalized lymphadenopathy, which has a component of polyclonal B cell proliferation, may also be due to EBV. However, a primary role for HIV has also been suggested. The genetic translocations characteristic of B cell lymphomas and leukemias (see Chapter 12) are also seen in AIDS.
Head and neck
Tor Wo Chiu in Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Erythroplakia has a 50% risk of transformation and can be considered as an in situ SCC. It tends to affects the ‘sump’ areas of the oral cavity. There are two main types: Uniform white plaques (homogeneous) with low malignant potential.Verrucous leukoplakia with more malignant potential.Some are mixed white and red (speckled or erythroleukoplakia).‘Hairy’ leukoplakia is an unusual form seen mostly in HIV-positive patients. It is associated with opportunistic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and seems to have a very low risk of malignant transformation with a tendency to spontaneous resolution, particularly when the underlying disease is treated. There are some trials with antiviral therapy, podophyllin, tretinoin and cryotherapy.
Maxillofacial surgery
Philip Stather, Helen Cheshire in Cases for Surgical Finals, 2012
A 50-year-old man presents with a white patch on the side of his tongue which is hairy in appearance. Explain the innervation of the tongue. (3 marks)Name three extrinsic muscles of the tongue. (3 marks)You suspect oral hairy leukoplakia. Give two groups of patients who are at a higher risk of this condition. (2 marks)What is the virus implicated in this condition? (1 mark)Suggest a treatment option for this patient. (1 mark)
Oral environment and taste function of Japanese HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
T. Shintani, T. Fujii, N. Yamasaki, M. Kitagawa, T. Iwata, S. Saito, M. Okada, I. Ogawa, H. Unei, K. Hamamoto, M. Nakaoka, H. Kurihara, H. Shiba
Microorganisms are easy to grow in the oral environment that has a decreased ability to produce a normal immune response and less saliva. Such a deteriorated oral environment may be involved in the onset of oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, and oral hairy leukoplakia (Berberi & Aoun, 2017; Berberi & Noujeim, 2015). In addition, oral candidiasis may elicit soreness in the oral cavity and taste disorders (Baccaglini et al., 2007). The present results showed that taste abnormalities and xerostomia were observed in the all three types of medication groups, suggesting that the combinations of anti-HIV medicines and HIV infection itself may also affect xerostomia and taste disorders.
Lichen sclerosus of the oral mucosa: clinical and histopathological findings. Review of the literature and a case report
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Anna-Maija Matela, Jaana Hagström, Hellevi Ruokonen
Leukoplakia is a clinical term defining a white plaque that cannot be categorized as any other disease. They are premalignant lesions, especially proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral hairy leukoplakia has a viral aetiology and is seen in immunosuppressed patients. It is not associated with the malignancy. In leukoplakia, histopathological findings include hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, acanthosis, atrophy and inflammation. Basal cell liquefaction, bands of lymphocyte infiltration and scantiness of elastic fibres are not seen in oral hairy leukoplakia as in oral LS [18,40].
Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Complications and Prophylaxis Strategies
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Aleksandra Śledzińska, Paulina Śledzińska, Marek Bebyn, Oskar Komisarek
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may cause local and systemic infection and benign and malignant disease in the orofacial region. This includes infectious mononucleosis, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (116). EBV may cause ulcers, lymphoproliferative syndromes, or OHL in immunosuppressed individuals and after HCT (117). OHL is a benign lesion that manifests as white, vertical, corrugated patches, particularly on the tongue’s lateral margins (118).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Leukoplakia
- Oral Mucosa
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Soft Palate
- Lesion
- Epstein–Barr Virus
- Immunodeficiency
- HIV
- HIV/AIDS