Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy by Applying an Ensemble of Architectures
Rohit Raja, Sandeep Kumar, Shilpa Rani, K. Ramya Laxmi in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 2D/3D Medical Image Processing, 2020
Diabetes is one of the most widespread diseases with complications affecting numerous systems in the body [1]. Every year there are millions of new patients diagnosed with diabetes. The global prevalence of the disease is also increasing with each year [2]. Persons with a historical presence of diabetes are also prone to an aftereffect known as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disease generated as an effect of diabetes that harms the eyes of the patient. DR happens in patients who have high sugar levels in their blood. As a consequence of diabetes, tiny blood vessels in the retina become blocked. DR is induced by the destruction of light-sensitive tissue present in blood vessels at the back of the eye. Damaged blood vessels cause a blood shortage in the region of the retina and can lead to long-lasting loss of eyesight . There is no initial sign of this disease and it can often be diagnosed only when the patient starts to lose vision. The effect of diabetic retinopathy varies from mild vision problems to complete blindness.
Endocrinology
Fazal-I-Akbar Danish in Essential Lists of Differential Diagnoses for MRCP with diagnostic hints, 2017
Diabetic retinopathy:1 Background or simple retinopathy (not a threat to vision): a Microaneurysms (seen as ‘dot’ haemorrhages) + ‘blot’ haemorrhages + hard exudates (small, multiple, irregularly shaped exudates that are usually closely aggregated at one or more places).2 Preproliferative retinopathy (not a threat to vision): a Features of background retinopathy + soft exudates (only 1 or 2, large fluffy exudates).3 Proliferative retinopathy (a threat to vision): a Features of preproliferative retinopathy + new vessel formation (neo-vascularisation) + retinitis proliferans.
Standards of Care in Diabetes
Jack L. Leahy, Nathaniel G. Clark, William T. Cefalu in Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 2000
Patients with type 1 diabetes should have an initial dilated eye examination beginning at age 10 and approximately 5 years after the onset of their diabetes and yearly thereafter (see Table 2). Patients with type 2 diabetes should be examined at the time of their diagnosis and then yearly thereafter. It is recommended that the eye examination be performed by an ophthalmologist or optometrist who is knowledgeable and experienced in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy and its treatment. Although it may be true that if the primary care provider is interested and skilled in performing dilated retinal examination the goal of the standard could be met, most standards require an examination by an eye professional. There is a growing body of literature that dilated 7-standard field fundoscopic photography maybe more sensitive at detecting retinopathy than the clinical examination alone. Future standards may evolve in this direction.
The action of low doses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on mitochondrial function in zebrafish eyes and comparison with hyperglycemia to identify a link between POPs and diabetes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Eun Ko, Dayoung Kim, Kitae Kim, Moonsung Choi, Sooim Shin
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the fastest growing metabolic disorder globally and is characterized by defects in insulin action toward target tissues. T2D patients are characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction (Ogurtsova et al. 2017). Long-term complications of T2D include kidney disease, nerve damage, and an increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and especially diabetic retinopathy, which results in worsening vision, cataracts, and blindness in severe cases (Fong et al. 2004; Szendroedi et al. 2011; Prasad et al. 2014; Kowluru and Mishra 2015). Diabetic retinopathy is mainly caused by high blood glucose levels, which induce a disruption of retinal cell metabolism. T2D increases oxidative stress due to uncontrolled mitochondrial function, followed by apoptosis of retinal capillary cells. Although T2D-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in the eyes has been well-defined based on many epidemiological studies (Petersen et al. 2003; Befroy et al. 2007; Kowluru and Mishra 2015), very little experimental data concerning the underlying mechanism of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are available.
Birth Weight and Diabetic Retinopathy: Results From the Population-Based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2021
Achim Fieß, Julia Lamparter, Philipp Raum, Tunde Peto, Katharina A. Ponto, Stefan Nickels, Thomas Münzel, Philipp S. Wild, Manfred E. Beutel, Michael S. Urschitz, Karl J. Lackner, Norbert Pfeiffer, Alexander K. Schuster
With respect to arterial hypertension, Barker et al.33 hypothesized that intrauterine malnutrition affects early organ development in specific time frames contributing to organ alterations and dysfunction in later life accompanied by an increased risk for corresponding diseases; they described an increased risk for arterial hypertension in former low birth weight subjects in later life.34 It is well known that arterial hypertension increases the risk for diabetic retinopathy in subjects with diabetes.20,35,36 van Leiden et al. observed that patients with diabetes and arterial hypertension have a more than two-fold increased risk for developing diabetic retinopathy within 10 years compared to diabetic individuals with normal blood pressure.37 Arterial hypertension leads to morphological alterations in the retinal vasculature and can contribute to damages in the capillary bed resulting in an increased risk for diabetic retinopathy.38
The Vision Detroit Project: Visual Burden, Barriers, and Access to Eye Care in an Urban Setting
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Anju Goyal, Collin Richards, Vaama Patel, Sarah Syeda, John-Michael Guest, Ryan L. Freedman, Leo M. Hall, Chaesik Kim, Abdala Sirajeldin, Tannia Rodriguez, Samantha M. Arsenault, Joseph D. Boss, Bret Hughes, Mark S. Juzych
Vision screenings were performed by an ophthalmologist(s) with the assistance of ophthalmic technicians, medical students, undergraduate students, and resident physicians. Intake histories and eye vitals were gathered by KEI technicians or supervised medical students in the patient’s preferred language. Patients were educated about eye health via a 5-point teaching intervention by healthcare workers during the intake. The 5-point teaching intervention covers the insidious nature of many blinding diseases, the link with systemic health, and that blindness may be preventable (Supplement 1). All histories and education were conducted verbally to account for possible low health literacy, language barriers, and low vision. The ophthalmic eye examination included Snellen visual acuity (VA), tonometry, corneal pachymetry, pupillary exam, ocular motility, and gross ocular alignment and external anterior segment examination. Habitual visual acuity (HVA) was measured in the patients’ uncorrected or current eyeglasses at time of screening. Dilated fundus exam via indirect ophthalmoscopy and/or fundus photography were performed to evaluate presence of diabetic retinopathy. The equipment used included a Centervue DRS Fundoscopic Camera (Fremont, CA, USA), Reichert TonoPen XL (Depew, NY, USA), Accutome Pachpen 21–5100 (Malvern, PA, USA), and Keeler API II LED indirect ophthalmoscope (Malvern, PA, USA).
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