Marine Algae in Diabetes and Its Complications
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Current treatments for diabetic retinopathy include local treatments: 1) laser treatments (panretinal laser photocoagulation therapy, focal/grid laser) indicated in peripheral ischemia associated with neovascular proliferation (Simó and Hernández, 2014); 2) vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage and cryotherapy for retinal detachment (Bressler et al., 2018); 3) intravitreal steroids (fluocinolone acetonide insert [Retiser, Iluvien], dexamethasone [Ozurdex], triamcinolone acetonide [Kenacort Retard], and anti-TNF-α [infliximab, adalimumab]) for inflammation (Reddy et al., 2018), intravitreal injections of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies (aflibercept [Eylea], ranibizumab [Lucentis], pegaptanib [Macugen]), bevacizumab [Avastin]) against VEGF-mediated retinopathy (Wang and Lo, 2018). Systemic treatments include traditional approaches to the treatment of hyperglycemia (Wang and Lo, 2018).
Diabetic Retinopathy
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Retinal vascular disease (diabetic retinopathy) is one of the most common causes of blindness in the United States. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that the global population with diabetes mellitus will reach 700 million by the year 2045. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of preventable blindness in adults. The global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 22.27% of diabetic patients, and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy is at 6.17%. Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retinal blood vessels, which become leaky or blocked. Vision loss most commonly occurs due to swelling in the macula, the central part of the retina, which can lead to vision impairment. Abnormal blood vessels can also grow from the retina, causing bleeding and blindness. Subclassifications include nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, which may or may not be severe, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Complications of diabetes mellitus also include macular edema and retinal detachment. Other outcomes include intraretinal hemorrhage, exudates, macular ischemia, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascularization.
Answers
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield in The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Diabetic eye disease is most commonly manifested as diabetic retinopathy. There are characteristic changes associated with this. It travels through the stages of background retinopathy denoted as presence of microaneurysms. Preproliferative retinopathy is denoted by cotton wool spots and flame-shaped haemorrhages, which mark the presence of ischaemia at the retina. Finally, proliferative retinopathy is denoted by the presence of new vessels at or around the optic disc. Maculopathy can also be present. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is by panretinal photocoagulation with the aim of causing a regression in the new blood vessels. Diabetics are at high risk of many other eye conditions, and good glycaemic control is the aim for prevention of these occurring.
Deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Diabetic retinopathy is a common and specific microvascular complication of diabetes that affects eyes. It is caused by the damaged blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, which is retina, resulting in the leakage or swell of the blood vessels to close or stop blood from passing through. Sometimes, abnormal neovascularization formed in the retina without any function (Heng et al. 2013). At first, there might be no symptoms or only mild vision problems, such as blurred vision, impaired colour vision, fluctuating vision or others, eventually leading to blindness. Because diabetic retinopathy greatly affected the quality of life, and it is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and also related with the upregulated risk of life-threatening vascular complications, such as heart failure, stroke and coronary heart disease, this needs to be carefully and seriously treated (Cheung et al. 2010). However, there is no direct therapeutic treatment for diabetic retinopathy. Controlling blood glucose levels, blood pressure, as well as blood lipids, which are used for treating diabetes, remain the fundamental way to prevent and delay the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, we aimed to develop a new therapeutic strategy to directly protect diabetic patients from diabetic retinopathy.
Air Pollution and Chronic Eye Disease in Adults: A Scoping Review
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2023
Amy E. Millen, Shruti Dighe, Katarzyna Kordas, Boma Zelma Aminigo, Michelle L. Zafron, Lina Mu
Two studies to examine associations with diabetic retinopathy.68,69 Shan et al.68 examined clinically diagnosed diabetic retinopathy with long-term exposure estimates to PM2.5 in a nationally representative sample of Chinese adults with diabetes. They observed 1.4-fold increased odds of retinopathy (OR [95% CI] = 1.41 [1.27–1.57]) for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In the second study, Pan et al.69 conducted a nested case–control study using data from individuals enrolled in the National Health Insurance Program in Taiwan. Individuals with diabetes were considered to have diabetic retinopathy if they had claims data indicative of this eye disease one year or later after their diagnosis of diabetes. The odds of diabetic retinopathy in relation to previously collected yearly average concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5–10, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 were assessed. Increasing concentrations of 10 µg/m3 of PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10 were directly associated with increased odds of diabetic retinopathy with ORs of 1.29, 1.37, and 1.18, respectively.
Light weight cryptography-based data hiding system for Internet of Medical Things
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2022
Swetha Pesaru, Naresh K. Mallenahalli, B. Vishnu Vardhan
This work considered different cover images from the diverse standard medical image datasets. Few samples are considered from Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD) [30], which are eye retinal images with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetic condition induced by high blood sugar levels causing damage to the back of the eye (retina). If undetected and mistreated, it can result in blindness. Microaneurysms are small bulges that can periodically emerge from the vessel walls and leak or flow fluid and blood into the retina. The central region of the retina may experience swelling (edema) due to this fluid (macula). Diabetic macular edema is a significant eye condition that can impair vision or result in blindness. Further, another set of cover images is considered from the COVIDX dataset [31,32], which are chest-x-ray-based MRI images and contains COVID-19 disease information. Moreover, a few samples are considered from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset [33,34,35] which are skin lesion images with benign and malignant diseases. Figure 5 shows the sample cover images and the dataset contains both color and grayscale images.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diabetes
- Maculopathy
- Retina
- Retinopathy
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Visual Impairment
- Cotton Wool Spots
- Eye Examination
- Charcot–Bouchard Aneurysm