The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Other diseases can also impair vision. Glaucoma is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Most cases of primary glaucoma are of the open-angle type (primary open-angle glaucoma or POAG), where IOP may fluctuate but the aqueous humor outflow is consistently decreased. Angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma occurs when the anterior chamber angle is blocked by the root of the iris, causing severe pain and loss of vision along with the increase in IOP. Complications include cataracts, atrophy (tissue wasting) of the retina and optic nerve, and blindness (amaurosis, typhlosis).
C
Anton Sebastian in A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Cataract Extraction Cataract operations were performed by the Brahmin surgeon, Susruta around 500 BC. Extraction of the lens by suction was known to the Arabs around AD 700. Surgical treatment of cataract by excision of the lens was performed in 1749 by French oculist, Jacques Daviel (1692–1762). Iridectomy was added to the procedure in 1854 by Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) who also introduced the method of linear extraction of a cataract in 1868.The suction method of extraction was promoted by Stowers in 1906 and Vard Houghton Hulen (1865–1939) in 1910. In 1917 Jose Ignacio Barraquer (1884–1965) designed an instrument called the ‘erisiphake’ which created a controlled vacuum by means of an air pump for suction of the lens. This method of operation, called ‘phacoerisis’, was widely in use until the 1930s. See cataract.
Eczema and the Eye
Donald Rudikoff, Steven R. Cohen, Noah Scheinfeld in Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Disorders, 2014
An association between cataracts and atopic dermatitis has been known for decades. A cataract is an opacification of the lens resulting from denaturation of lens proteins. Cataracts form as a result of senescence, trauma, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and a variety of metabolic insults. Oxygen byproducts such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide are particularly damaging to crystallins (Loewenstein and Lee 2004). Cataracts cause pathological dispersion of incoming light and refractive error. Symptoms include loss of contrast, increased light requirement for adequate vision, and progressive visual loss. Cataracts commonly occur with aging, but smoking, alcohol, and systemic disease such as diabetes, as well as corticosteroids and ultraviolet exposure, all increase the risk (Hutnik and Nichols 1999). The major indication for surgical removal is visual impairment that limits a person’s functional capacity. Cataract extraction is usually accompanied by implanting a plastic or silicone lens. Potential surgical complications include infection, glaucoma, macular edema, and retinal detachment.
Intravitreal versus Oral Steroids for Inflammation Control in Uveitic Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Muhammad Usman Jamil, Uzma Naz, Saliha Naz
All patients underwent cataract removal procedures, i.e., phacoemulsification, which were performed by the same skilled surgeon. Iris retractors were utilized as needed, and synechiolysis was done using an ophthalmic viscosurgical instrument (OVD). Each patient received a 5.0 mm single-piece foldable acrylic IOL (SA60AT AcrySof, Alcon Laboratories). In the triamcinolone acetonide group, a 30-gauge needle was used to inject non-preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide (K-Kort Injection, Ophth Pharma Pvt. Ltd.), 4 mg in 0.1 ml intravitreally into the pars plana 3.5 mm posterior to the limbus after completion of the procedure. After surgery, all eyes required topical moxifloxacin eye drops 0.5% and topical prednisolone acetate 1% every 2 h, and topical cyclopentolate 1% every 12 h. Oral steroids were not administered in the triamcinolone acetonide group after surgery. Oral prednisolone was administered to patients in the steroid group at 0.5 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks and then tapered over 6 weeks as needed (30 mg/day for the first 2 weeks, 20 mg/day for the next 2 weeks, followed by 10 mg/day for the last 2 weeks), in response to the severity of the uveitis and the side effects. One patient from each group underwent extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) instead of phacoemulsification, because seclusio pupillae and hypermature cataracts were noted, and lens subluxation was suspected. The size of the ECCE incision was around 5.6 mm, and intraoperative time was longer than phacoemulsification.
Topical Administration of ACE Inhibitor Interrupts the Progression of Cataract in Two Kidney One Clip Induced Hypertensive Cataract Model
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Jaya Shree, Amrita Singh, Rajesh Choudhary, Devi Prasad Pandey, Surendra H. Bodakhe
Cataract is the mistiness of the eye lens and it is the primary reason of blindness, considering for 42% of all sightlessness and is the most ubiquitous ocular disease worldwide.1 There is no sole active agent reputable till now to suspension or inhibition of the cataract formation. Although, the conventional cure for cataract is exclusion of cataractous lens by surgery and replacement of cataractous lens with a polymer lens (intraocular lens implantation), but it is very expensive for underprivileged population. Moreover, there are several postoperative complications associated with cataract surgery. These are end ophthalmitis, posterior capsular opacification, and uncorrected residual refractive error.2 Therefore, it is need of the hour to search for alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of this disorder.
Protective effect of Coleus forskohlii leaf-extract compound on progression of cataract against Fructose-Induced experimental cataract in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Pranay Soni, Surendra H. Bodakhe
Cataract is a multifactorial disease characterized by cloudiness and opacification of the eyes lens. Cataract is the main cause of blindness accounting for 62.6% cases of blindness and 77.5% cases of avoidable blindness in India (John et al. 2008). Several risk factors recognized for cataractogenesis are diabetes, hypertension, obesity, aging, race, smoking and alcohol (Khan et al. 2017). In diabetic patients high concentration of glucose in the aqueous humor get transported into the lens that exacerbate cataract (Kaur et al. 2017). World Health Organization (WHO) reported that hypertension has become global public health issue and major cause for premature morbidity and mortality worldwide (WHO 2013). It is responsible for other cardiovascular risk factors such as stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes and obesity (Wong et al. 2018, Wandell et al. 2018). The problem is progressive and it is expected that one-third of adult population will have hypertension worldwide by 2025 (Bhagani et al. 2018). In addition, for the treatment of cataract, surgery is the major therapeutic step; however, it has limitations and complications such as raised intraocular pressure (IOP), iris prolapse, cystoid macular edema, infection and posterior capsular opacification (PCO) (Kaur et al. 2017). Thus, the researchers are looking toward safe and natural ways to prevent cataract. Herbal medicines have been an exemplary source of new drugs, and several currently available medicines have been derived from them for the treatment of different diseases (Bai et al. 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Congenital Cataract
- Diplopia
- Eye
- Nyctalopia
- Visual Impairment
- Lens
- Falling
- Depression
- Senescence
- Injury