Nonpolio Enteroviruses, Polioviruses, and Human CNS Infections
Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek in Neuroviral Infections, 2013
The hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a self-limiting childhood disease characterized by fever, vesicular lesions on the buccal mucosa and tongue, and small, tender cutaneous lesions on the hands, feet, and buttocks. Herpangina is a disease characterized by an onset with fever and odynophagia associated with vesicular or ulcerative lesions of the tonsils, uvula, and soft palate (Keels 2010). HEV71, CVA16, CVA10 cause HFMD and herpangina. The illness usually resolves in 2 to 3 days without complications (Pallansch and Ross 2001). The main complications of HFMD are encephalitis and a polio-like disease. The infection with CVA16 is not associated with neurological disease, but the rash it causes is indistinguishable from that caused by HEV71. In children younger than 5 years, the exanthem caused by enteroviruses manifest as rubelliform or roseola-like rashes on the face, neck, and trunk. The petechial and purpuric rash caused by infection with echovirus 9 or CVA9 could create a confusion with meningococcemia if aseptic meningitis occurs simultaneously. A highly contagious acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is commonly caused by HEV70 and a new antigenic variant CVA24v and adenovirus (Leveque et al. 2010; Sane et al. 2008). This ocular infection is characterized by pain, periorbital swelling, red eyes with conjunctival hemorrhage and excessive tearing, usually with involvement of the second eye within 24 to 48 h. The illness is self-limited and resolves within 10 days without complications. When AHC is caused by HEV70, the CNS diseases can occur.
Enterovirus
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Conjunctivitis is linked to several enteroviruses (e.g., CV-A24, CV-B2, E-7, E-11, and EV70) and shows characteristic subconjunctival hemorrhage (either petechial or larger blotches) and transient keratitis, with polio-like paralytic illness as possible neurological complication. Major epidemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to EV-70 were described in Africa, the Americas, and the Far East between 1969 and 1974.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A10: more serious than it seems
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Lianlian Bian, Fan Gao, Qunying Mao, Shiyang Sun, Xing Wu, Siyuan Liu, Xiaoming Yang, Zhenglun Liang
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), an acute febrile disease that is usually caused by human enteroviruses (EV-A–D), and is characterized by fever and vesicular exanthema mostly in hands, feet, and oral mucosa, generally affects children in their early childhood [1,2]. EV-A–D are members of the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae, including four species (A–D) [3]. Besides HFMD, EV-A–D infection can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild symptoms to fatal disease, such as herpangina (HA), acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, acute respiratory tract infection, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid parlay [4,5].
Sequelae from Epidemic Viral Conjunctivitis Can Be Associated with Inflammatory Trachoma in Schoolchildren?
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2018
Roberta Lilian Fernandes de Sousa Meneghim, Magda Massae Hata Viveiros, Alicia Galindo-Ferreiro, Carlos Roberto Padovani, Silvana Artioli Schellini
Viral conjunctivitis (VC) is highly contagious and can affect a significant number of individuals. There are several forms of VC, including pharyngoconjunctival fever, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, or acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.1
Analysis of the coverage of inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine and adverse events following immunization with the EV71 vaccine among children from 2016 to 2019 in Guangzhou
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Zhi-qun Li, Zi-qi Qin, Hui-feng Tan, Chun-huan Zhang, Jian-xiong Xu, Jian Chen, Li-Hong Ni, Xue-xia Yun, Min Cui, Yong Huang, Wen Wang, Zhou-bin Zhang
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which mainly infects infants and young children under 5 years old [1]. HFMD was included in the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in May 2008. The top 5 diseases reported in 2019 for category C infectious diseases were influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, mumps and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and these accounted for 99.5% of the total number of category C infectious diseases reported. The diseases in category C with deaths reported were influenza, hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrheal diseases and hydatid disease, accounting for 100% of the total number of deaths reported by these infections [2]. During 2009–2018, China reported more than 20 million cases of hand, foot and mouth disease and 838,000 laboratory confirmed cases. The most severe (68%) and fatal (91%) cases of hand, foot and mouth disease are caused by EV71 [3]. A small number of severe HFMD cases caused by EV71 can be complicated with severe complications, and a very small number can cause death, which has become a serious public health problem [4]. There is no effective treatment for the disease, and vaccination has become an effective means of preventing and controlling HFMD. In 2015, China was the first country to successfully develop an EV71 inactivated whole-virus vaccine. At present, vaccines developed by the Institute of Medical Biology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (manufacturer A), the Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd. (manufacturer B), and the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., of the China Biotechnology Group (manufacturer C) have been approved for marketing [5,6]. All three vaccines were developed using the C4 subtype as the seed virus [7]. After August 2016, the three products were successively used in Guangzhou inoculation units. This study analyzed the coverage rate of different enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccines and the incidence of suspected immunization (adverse event following immunization, AEFI) in Guangzhou from 2016 to 2019. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the production by the three manufacturers and the coverage rate and safety of the EV71 vaccines to provide a reference for the formulation and adjustment of EV71 vaccination strategies.