Vascular tumors
Eckart Haneke in Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
Infantile hemangioma mostly presents as a so-called strawberry angioma. It is the most frequent vascular tumor of infancy and childhood, affecting roughly 1% of all newborns and more than 10% of premature babies. It makes up for approximately one-third of all vascular neoplasms.15 It has a characteristic course: appearance between the third and sixth week of life, growing for 6–12 months, and slow regression thereafter over a period of several years. Occurrence in the nail organ is extremely rare. It may then present as a reddish to violaceous, soft lesion under the nail and at the tip of the digit. A subungual hemangioma with its ultrasound characteristics was described in the big toe of a 27-year-old woman; however, the exact histopathological classification was not given.16 An acquired hemangioma caused pseudoclubbing of the nail.17
Management of deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) causing gynecological morbidity: A urologist's perspective
Seema Chopra in Endometriosis, 2020
Ultrasonography (USG) is the first modality used in evaluation of BE. USG characterizes the location of endometriotic nodules, determines the size of nodules, can estimate the distance between the lesion and ureteric orifice, and can also be used to differentiate these nodules from a malignant lesion (Figure 10.1a) [44]. BE is seen as a filling defect located most commonly on the posterior wall and protruding into the lumen in a full bladder. The nodules vary in shape. They may appear regular with a spherical or comma-shaped outline or they may be irregular, raising a suspicion of malignancy. The lesions are iso/hypoechoic and lack a vascular core much more consistent with a vascular tumor. However, a major distinguishing feature remains the location of BE nodules, which are usually submucosal in contrast to the mucosal lesions in malignancy of the urinary bladder. The malignant lesions on the other hand will show papillary projections causing an interruption in the layers of the bladder wall. Color or power Doppler shows internal blood flow which is minimal compared with a malignant lesion in patients with BE (Figure 10.1b) [44].
Overview of HIV Infection
Mark J. Rosen, James M. Beck in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Lung, 1998
Some authors consider biopsy contraindicated because of a high risk of bleeding from this vascular tumor (108,109), but larger and more recent reports indicate a low rate of bleeding from either endobronchial or transbroncial biopsy (8,113,114). The finding of typical lesions on inspection of the airways in patients with previously diagnosed skin KS should be considered diagnostic, because the diagnostic yield of forceps biopsy is low, and may occasionally cause significant hemorrhage. However, a similar-appearing, although solitary, endobronchial lesion caused by a Cryptococcus sp. was reported (50). When an endobronchial abnormality typical of KS is solitary or not associated with skin or other previous site of KS, biopsy should be performed (Table 4).
Kaposi’s sarcoma management from a plastic surgery perspective
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Selman Taskin, Tugce Yasak, S. Tiber Mentese, Burak Yilmaz, Ozlem Çolak
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a vascular tumor with five different clinical forms. It is seen as a blue-purple macular or nodular lesion in the clinic. It is known that KS has a good prognosis, and regression is observed in lesions when immunosuppressive treatment is discontinued or when AIDS-related KS cases are treated by anti-retroviral agents. These findings have raised suspicions that KS is a reactive inflammatory process secondary to infection rather than a true tumoral formation (16). Studies on KS cell cultures, however, have supported that the idea that these lesions are true neoplasms. There are three main components in tumor proliferation: inflammation, angiogenesis, and spindle cell proliferation. Red-purple-colored lesions specific to KS are formed as a result of significant angiogenesis. Since pericytes and smooth muscle structures in mature blood vessels are not found in neoplastic vessels of KS lesions, shape change and increased permeability are observed in the vessels. The extravasation of intravascular fluid and cells causes edema and hemorrhage in clinical practice (3,17). A limited number of studies have been focused on the dermoscopic features and dermatopathologic correlations of KS. According to an example of recent studies on that topic, a number of new dermoscopic findings like white lines, collarette sign, serpentine and coiled vessels have been described that correlate with pathology of the KS lesions (18).
Intralesional injection of bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide in infantile hemangioma
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Hanan H. Sabry, Neveen E. Sorour, Essam M. Akl
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the commonest infantile vascular tumor (1). Although IH has a self-limiting course, several complications may occur such as ulceration, vision affection, secondary infection, feeding and airway obstructions and even death (2). The treatment indications of IH depends of risk of functional impairment, bleeding risk and disfigurement potentiality (3). The precise pathogenetic inducer responsible for IH development is still an enigma; however, several theories have been suggested such as tissue hypoxia, embolization of placental endothelial cells and imbalance between angiogenic and vasculogenic activity (4). The over-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in early proliferative phase of IH followed by decreased expression in involuting phase may indicate its role in IH pathogenesis (5).
Gene fusions in vascular tumors and their underlying molecular mechanisms
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Sheena L. M. Ong, Karoly Szuhai, Judith V.M.G. Bovée
Although various chromosomal translocations were identified in different vascular tumor entities, in a substantial number of vascular tumors no genetic alterations have (yet) been identified. The identification of fusion genes causing overexpression of one of the fusion partners (FOS, FOSB, CAMTA1, and TFE3) has led to the routine use of surrogate immunohistochemical markers by specialized pathologists in the differential diagnosis of vascular tumors. However, not all fusions and immunohistochemical markers are entirely specific (for example, identical FOSB gene alterations occurring in both PHE and EH) and the diagnosis should always be made in the appropriate clinical, radiological and histological context. In addition, gene fusions in vascular tumors are not always exclusive to vascular tumors, as they can be found in other tumor entities as well (for instance FOS and FOSB fusions in osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma) [13]. Gene fusions additionally provide us with more insight into understanding the possible underlying mechanisms leading to vascular tumor formation. With this knowledge, model systems can be developed to test potential targeted therapies.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Neoplasm
- Circulatory System
- Benign Tumor
- Malignancy
- Blood Vessel
- Lymphatic Vessel
- Hemangioma
- Lymphangioma
- Hemangioendothelioma
- Kaposi's Sarcoma