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Medical and Biological Applications of Low Energy Accelerators
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Proton therapy also may be used to treat these cancers:Central nervous system cancers, including chordoma, chondrosarcoma and malignant meningioma.Eye cancer, including uveal melanoma or choroidal melanoma.Head and neck cancers, including nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer and some nasopharyngeal cancers.Lung cancer.Liver cancer.Prostate cancer.Spinal and pelvic sarcomas are cancers that occur in the soft-tissue and bone.Noncancerous brain tumors.
Ocular Tumors
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Vishal Raval, Alexander Melendez, Hansell Soto, Alléxya Affonso, Rubens Belfort Neto, Arun D. Singh
It has been reported that iris color is a risk factor for the development of uveal melanoma.45,47 The most affected eye colors are light-color irises while brown-colored eyes are the least affected.45,49 Recent studies have determined the potential link of higher risk to the difference of melanin molecules in the iris. Eumelanin and pheomelanin both are present in the iris; the distinction lies with the ratio of these types of melanin. Lighter-colored eyes contain a higher degree of pheomelanin and lower amounts of eumelanin, while in darker eyes the distribution is opposite.50 Pheomelanin is more phototoxic than eumelanin, causing an increased propensity of developing radical oxygen species and decreased antioxidant potential when exposed to light, both of which can cause damage to DNA.51,52 Additionally, recent studies have identified three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes HERC2, OCA4, and IRF4, which are known risk factors linked tocutaneous melanoma; however, further studies are needed to confirm these observations reading uveal melanoma.53
Malignant Melanoma
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
The role of ultraviolet (UV) exposure in the development of uveal melanoma remains controversial. An increased risk of uveal melanoma has been found with the use of sunlamps and in individuals with lighter colored eyes and skin and in those with increased numbers of cutaneous nevi.
Relationship between Fitzpatrick Skin Type and The Cancer Genome Atlas Classification with Melanoma-Related Metastasis and Death in 854 Patients at a Single Ocular Oncology Center
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Mrittika Sen, Kevin R. Card, G. Brandon Caudill, Nina R. Spitofsky, Philip W. Dockery, Alexandra R. Zaloga, Jennifer S. Zeiger, Charles F. DeYoung, Samara J. Hamou, Carol L. Shields
The Fitzpatrick skin type has been studied for dermatological conditions, particularly for cutaneous melanoma (16,27). Olsen et al conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and quantified the relative risk for cutaneous melanoma to 2.27 for FST I, 1.99 for FST II, and 1.35 for FST III compared to FST IV (p < 0.001) (28). The relationship of FST with conjunctival melanoma was studied by Shields et al in 540 consecutive patients with FST II being the most common skin type (n = 337, 62%) (18). Patients with FST III-VI had younger age at presentation, thicker tumors and eyelid involvement but no difference in the 5-year rate of vision loss, tumor recurrence, exenteration, metastasis, or death based on the FST (18). This was consistent with an earlier study by Brouwer et al where skin color was not related to tumor pigmentation or outcomes in patients with conjunctival melanoma (29). Regarding uveal melanoma, Weis et al studied the relationship of host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma and found a significant association between light skin color and the lack of ability to tan with the development of uveal melanoma (4). Seddon et al estimated the relative risk of developing uveal melanoma to be 3.8 in people of light skin color compared to dark skin color (8). The prognosis of uveal melanoma based on race has been shown to have no difference, but outcomes based on precise skin color has not been evaluated (6).
Bioinformatics analysis of GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1,SRSF2, EIF1AX, PLCB4, and CYSLTR2 genes and their role in the pathogenesis of Uveal Melanoma
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a very aggressive disease that develops from melanocytes in the eye and tends to spread from its primary tissue to other organs such as the liver. It is most prevalent in adults. Even if the primary tumor has been successfully treated with radiation or surgery, half of all UM patients develop secondary metastatic tumors (1–5). Recent studies have identified underlying genetic anomalies in the pathogenesis of UM. This identification enables advanced tumour classification and metastatic disease prognosis classification (3,5–7). The initiating mutations in the GNAQ/11 pathway trigger UM development, while mutations in BAP1, SF3B1, or EIF1AX genes have the potential to trigger metastasis development (3,4,8–12). Although several studies have described the above-mentioned genetic anomalies in the genes and pathways responsible for UM pathogenesis, the prognosis of UM patients remains low. Therefore, it is an urgent approach to thoroughly analyze current markers or develop new biomarkers to assess their possible malignant potential and effects on prognosis. This study’s primary aim is to provide information to help determine new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of the UM through a comprehensive and collective evaluation of the mutation (with oncogenic and initiating properties) in eight genes with the most prevalent genetic anomalies (GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1, SRSF2, EIF1AX, PLCB4, and CYSLTR2) and their effects on m-RNA expression profiles. It is also aimed to raise awareness for genetic anomalies with secondary traits and the initiating mutations in UM development.
Unilateral Idiopathic Choroidal Effusion in a Patient Who Takes Sulfonamides
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
The general rule in ophthalmology is to recognize either sight threatening or, even more important, life-threatening conditions. Hence, we need to be very careful when we challenge with difficult cases, especially when a patient or its sight seem stable or “normal.” The presented patient was symptomatic and he had obvious signs of abnormality. In spite of making definite diagnosis is challenging due to overlap of clinical signs as well as the coincidence of taking sulfonamides. Over workup period we excluded some of possible differential diagnoses as sarcoidosis, syphilis, and tuberculosis in the very early stage of workup.9 Based on additional imaging tests done in Uveitis service there was a high suspicion of malignancy. Due to the absence of pigmentary changes we excluded diffuse uveal melanoma as differential diagnosis. An intraocular lymphoma is one of the top listed possible neoplastic causes. According to WHO classification, there is a clear distinction among primary vitreoretinal and primary/secondary choroidal lymphoma.6 The latter one does not manifest with vitritis while the hallmark of the primary vitreoretinal lymphoma are vitreous cells and subretinal pigment deposits.10 Then, primary vitreoretinal lymphoma is bilateral in 80% of cases. On the other hand, choroidal lymphomas are mostly unilateral with yellowish choroidal lesions as classic features. Choroidal effusion is possible in both types of intraocular lymphoma, although it is more often in choroidal lymphomas. In addition, primary vitreoretinal lymphoma is aggressive while choroidal lymphoma has a more benign course.