Cancer
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
The transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder are superficial and well differentiated, growing outward. They are subclassified as papillary carcinomas. They invade early and then metastasize. Approximately 40% of transitional cell carcinomas recur at the same site in the bladder, or in another site – especially if they are large. Bladder cancer often metastasizes to the lungs, liver, intestines, bones, and lymph nodes. Some of these tumors may be linked to faster progression and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Squamous cell carcinoma has cells that similar to the flat cells of the skin. The squamous cells have intracellular bridges, keratohyalin granules, and pearls. They must be distinguished from urothelial cancer that has squamous differentiation.
Skin Cancer
Henry W. Lim, Nicholas A. Soter in Clinical Photomedicine, 2018
Between 50 and 75% of squamous cell carcinomas occur on the head and neck. The rest occur mainly on the dorsa of the hands, forearms, and light-exposed areas of the legs (Fig. 3). Nonmelanoma skin cancers of both types are more common on the ears in men than women, possibly related to hair fashions. In the past, it has been suggested that up to 90% of basal cell carcinomas occur on the head and neck. More recent studies have shown an increasing proportion of tumors occurring on the trunk. A 1990 study from Western Australia reported 53% of basal cell carcinomas in men and 43% in women were present on the trunk. Most of these occurred on the upper back and shoulders (13). If this relative change in distribution is due to increased sunlight exposure with change in clothing and bathing habits, it still remains to be explained why a similar change in anatomical distribution has not been seen with squamous cell carcinoma. Whether it means that basal cell carcinomas need less exposure to induce a lesion than squamous cell carcinomas is not clear. Certainly the mean age of people with basal cell carcinoma tends to be around 10 years younger than the mean age for squamous cell carcinoma (5).
Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery
Gozie Offiah, Arnold Hill in RCSI Handbook of Clinical Surgery for Finals, 2019
Squamous cell carcinoma➢ Most common histological subtype globally, however, Incidence slightly reducing in western world.➢ Commonest in Japan, northern China, and South Africa➢ ♂: ♀, 3:1.➢ Pathogenesis typically initiated by carcinogenic substances in direct contact with the oesophageal mucosa➢ Associated with smoking, alcohol intake, diet poor in fresh fruit and vegetables, chronic achalasia, chronic caustic strictures and dietary nitrosamines (found in processed meat).➢ May occur anywhere in the oesophagus.➢ Squamous cell carcinomas are sensitive to radiotherapy and may be treated with either radiotherapy or surgery.
Laser immunotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with optimal thermal effects to enhance tumour immunogenicity
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Min Luo, Lei Shi, Fuhe Zhang, Feifan Zhou, Linglin Zhang, Bo Wang, Peiru Wang, Yunfeng Zhang, Haiyan Zhang, Degang Yang, Guolong Zhang, Wei R. Chen, Xiuli Wang
A 63-year-old woman presented with previously untreated bleeding ulcer on the right elbow came to our hospital. The patient suffered 30 years ago from neck pain and numbness of the right upper extremity. The patient was diagnosed as cervical spondylopathy and treated with a surgery. One year after the surgery, the numbness of right upper extremity became more serious due to damage of the nerve with cervical spondylopathy. The skin on her right upper extremity, especially her right forearm, became pale with a low skin temperature. Gradually, her right elbow developed a bleeding ulcer. In the past 30 years, the lesion grew larger and larger without any improvements on bleeding or ulceration. In April of 2014, the patient came to our hospital. Clinical investigation showed a ulcer of about 6 × 9 cm on her right elbow, accompanied with oozing, bleeding and multiple nodules covered by crust. The skin surrounding the ulcer was pale with a low skin temperature. The right elbow joint suffered from stiffness and loss of motion. A blood routine test showed her haemoglobin was only 53 g/l. A biopsy revealed the diagnosis of skin squamous cell carcinoma, grade I. The patient refused surgical excision in consideration of the large area of the ulcer. We treated the patient with laser immunotherapy after a consent form was signed in June 2014.
Body Mass Index-Adjusted Body Weight Loss Grading Predicts Overall Survival in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Yi-Ping Pan, Hsuan-Chih Kuo, Ting-Yu Hsu, Jui-Ying Lin, Wen-Chi Chou, Chien-Hong Lai, Pei-Hung Chang, Kun-Yun Yeh
All patients were histologically diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors were reclassified retrospectively according to the 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System through comprehensive stage workups including physical examination, routine laboratory tests, chest radiography, abdominal ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, chest computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. The histological differentiation grade was assessed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The pathological diagnoses and histological grades as well as tumor stages were reviewed and confirmed by the esophageal cancer committee at our institute. The committee members included two thoracic surgeons, three medical oncologists, one radiation oncologist, one nuclear medicine physician, one pathologist and one case manager. This study protocol (Institutional Review Board approval number: 201600554B0) was approved by a local research ethics committee.
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Candidate Biomarker in Gynecologic Malignancies: A Meta-analysis
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Dipayan Roy, Anupama Modi, Purvi Purohit, Manoj Khokhar, Manu Goyal, Shailja Sharma, Puneet Setia, Antonio Facciorusso, Praveen Sharma
Serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) has been in use as a biomarker for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), but its sensitivity as an independent marker is suboptimal in early-stage post-menopausal women (3–5). Endometrial cancer incidence is on the rise worldwide. Early diagnosis can significantly improve its outcome as 5-year survival is >90% in early-stage disease. Existing markers (e.g., leptin, adiponectin, and prolactin) for detection or monitoring are subject to hormonal and metabolic alterations and not unique to cancer development (6). Also, cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female cancer-related mortality. Although the conventional tumor marker, squamous cell carcinoma is a useful prognostic marker, its role in early diagnosis is limited (7).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Esophageal Cancer
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Lung Cancer
- Respiratory Tract
- Skin Cancer
- Vaginal Cancer
- Cancer
- Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
- Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of The Lung
- Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of The Vagina