Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis
Sandeep Kumar, Anand Nayyar, Anand Paul in Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development, 2019
Sarcoma: Sarcoma is a cancer type which can be seen occurring in supportive and connective tissues, e.g. bones, tendons, cartilage, muscles or fats, often affecting young adults. The most common form of sarcoma develops as a painful mass over the bone. The sarcoma tumors usually resemble the tissues where they grow [15], e.g. osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma (bone). Chondro sarcoma (cartilage)Leiomyo sarcoma (smooth muscles)Rhabdomyo sarcoma (skeletal muscles)Mesothelial Sarcoma or Mesothelioma (membranous living of body cavities)Fibro Sarcoma (fibrous tissues) [16].Myeloma: The myeloma is a kind of cancer that can be seen originating in the plasma cells of the bone marrow. The plasma cells produce a kind of protein which can be found in the blood.
Uterine fibroids
David M. Luesley, Mark D. Kilby in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2016
The presence of a large pelvic mass will give rise to concerns regarding its nature. A recent large literature review9 concluded that uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is very rare with an overall incidence of 0.64/100,000 per year. Its estimated prevalence in a presumed fibroid is 0.14% [C]. Risk is positively correlated with age and is extremely low below the age of 40 [C]. Rapid fibroid enlargement is a feature of LMS but in the absence of factors such as pain or abnormal bleeding it is poorly predictive.1,9 Fibroid growth during ovarian suppressive treatment with a GnRH agonist or after menopause should raise suspicion about its nature. There are no features which can predict an LMS on any imaging technique with certainty [C]. Characteristics which should lead to a suspicion of sarcoma include solitary lesion, oval shape, size >8cm, high vascularity with central necrosis and absence of calcification9 [D]. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI scanning can be a helpful assessment tool1,9 [C]. Elevation of serum LDH and LDH isoenzyme 3 has been reported in leiomyosarcoma although its role in diagnosis is currently unclear.
Neoplasia in pregnancy
Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero in Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The majority of patients present with symptoms of localized pain or a mass. Diagnostic procedures commonly used to assess sarcomas include radiographs with abdominal shielding during pregnancy. Osteogenic sarcomas may require radio-isotope bone scanning, which is thought to be of low risk to the fetus (269). Definitive diagnosis of any type of sarcoma requires biopsy. Although pregnancy has no proven deleterious effects on the natural course of sarcomas, delayed diagnosis results in postponed treatment. These tumors present at advanced stages, which may explain isolated reports of worsened prognosis for sarcomas in pregnancy (270). The aggressive biologic behavior of pelvic sarcomas may be enhanced by hypervascularity or hormonal stimulus; however, an impaired prognosis for most sarcomas associated with pregnancy remains unsubstantiated.
Factors influencing people’s ability to maintain their activity levels during treatment for soft tissue sarcoma – A qualitative study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Sarah Dewhurst, Ruth Tigue, Cathy Sandsund, Gill Mein, Clare Shaw
Sarcoma is a collective term for malignancies affecting connective tissue (Kwong et al. 2014), and there are two broad subtypes: soft tissue and bone. With just 3,272 new cases diagnosed in the UK in 2010 (Cancer Research United Kingdom 2017), lack of knowledge about soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in the wider population means that diagnosis is often delayed, and the disease can be widespread before treatment starts (Schreiber et al. 2006). This has an adverse effect on survival rates (Tobias and Gillis 2014), with only 45% of the people diagnosed in England expected to survive STS for 10 or more years (Cancer Research United Kingdom 2017). At the point of diagnosis, many people with STS have incurable disease, and their only treatment option is chemotherapy with palliative intent, aimed at reducing symptoms and prolonging life (Tobias and Gillis 2014).
Avapritinib in unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor with PDGFRA exon 18 mutation: safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
Miguel Henriques-Abreu, César Serrano
Sarcomas are a rare and diverse group of tumors that are derived from connective tissues. Biologically speaking, sarcomas can be classified in two broad categories: genomically-complex sarcomas, characterized by non-recurrent genetic alterations and complex karyotypes; and genomically simple sarcomas, which commonly harbor tumor-specific genetic alterations that critically drive tumor initiation and progression [1]. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), the most common human malignant mesenchymal neoplasm, falls in this last category. Indeed, 85% to 90% of GISTs are driven by gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) [2]. Oncogenic activation of KIT is more common (75–80%) than PDGFRA activating events (10–15%) [3,4]. Both are mutually exclusive given that they are initiating clonal events. The remaining ~10% of GIST patients wild-type for KIT and PDGFRA constitutes a molecularly heterogeneous group with various known and yet unknown drivers [2]. The high reliance of GIST on KIT/PDGFRA oncogenic signaling has been successfully exploited in the clinic, and GIST emerged in the turn of the century as a paradigmatic model to develop targeted agents directed against driver mutations in cancer. Throughout, five tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting KIT and PDGFRA have achieved regulatory approval: imatinib, sunitinib, regorafenib, and more recently, ripretinib and avapritinib [5–9].
Free flap reconstruction of sarcoma defects in the setting of radiation: a ten-year experience
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Sammy Othman, Saïd C. Azoury, Kristy L. Weber, Stephen J. Kovach
The most common histological tumor diagnosis was myxofibrosarcoma/dermatofibrosarcoma (27.6% of patients), with the least common being rhabdomyosarcoma with 1 patient (2%). Other diagnoses included undifferentiated pleiomorphic sarcoma (17.6%), spindle-cell sarcoma (13.7%), leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma (both 9.8%), chondrosarcoma (7.8%), and angiosarcoma and synovial sarcoma (both 5.9%). The majority of cases were high grade tumors (52.9%), with 27.5% being intermediate, and 19.6% being low grade. Stage II (39.2%) and stage III (37.3%) tumors were the most commonly encountered staging classification tumor classes, with stage I (17.6%) and IV (5.9%) being less common. Most procedures resulted in negative margins with no residual tumor (80.4%), although 19.6% were left with involved margins post-operatively (Table 2).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Haematopoiesis
- Mesenchyme
- Connective Tissue
- Blood Vessel
- Cancer
- Adipose Tissue
- Cell
- Bone Sarcoma