Anticancer effect of 1,2-epoxy-3(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopiran-4on) Propane (EPI) and combination with Doxorubicin on HTB183 lung cell cancer culture
Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah in Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
Doxorubicin is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug that can be used in lung cancer therapy (Johnson-Arbor & Dubey 2017). There are two mechanisms of the doxorubicin process working against cancer cells; namely, doxorubicin can enter the cell nucleus and damage topoisomerase-II, then cause damage to the DNA and cell death. In addition, there are other mechanisms; in particular, doxorubicin is oxidized to semiquinone, an unstable metabolite, which is converted back into doxorubicin in the process of releasing reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species can cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, DNA damage, and oxidative stress, and can trigger apoptotic pathways for cell death. Doxorubicin triggers cell death through activation of p53. The role of p53 apoptosis might be in its ability to disrupt the balance between antiapoptotic proteins (such as Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1) and pro-apoptotic proteins (such as Bax and Bak) (Rathos et al. 2013).
Role of Micronutrients in Cancer Prevention and Intervention—Pros and Cons
Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak in Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
As mentioned previously, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are both factors in damaging cells. Skin cells are privy to these dangers, and UV exposure is a leading cause of skin cancer development, aside from other factors like genetics, as it influences direct DNA oxidation and the formation of free radicals that can have lasting effects on the body despite their ability to recycle quickly [56]. These damaging effects can be repaired by the cells, themselves. The reactive oxygen species which are formed in the skin due to the oxidative stress is greater than the ability for the antioxidants to protect the body against these reactive oxidative species. Therefore, limiting the amount of UV exposure and increasing the amount of antioxidant intake can contribute to reducing the damage from oxidative stress [56]. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are the main types of skin cancers, which can be prevented by repair of damaged skin cells through endogenous antioxidants and antioxidants originating from the diet [56].
Role of Astrocytes in Maintaining Cerebral Glutathione Homeostasis and in Protecting the Brain Against Xenobiotics and Oxidative Stress
Christopher A. Shaw in Glutathione in the Nervous System, 2018
Reactive oxygen species are generated during normal metabolism. For example, and H2O2 are generated during electron transport in the mitochondria from incomplete reduction of O2 to H2O. H2O2 is also produced from various oxidase reactions and during the synthesis of prostaglandins. During ischemia xanthine dehydrogenase is proteolytically clipped to yield an enzyme with altered catalytic activity. The modified enzyme is a xanthine oxidase which generates H2O2 and . Free radicals are also generated by the autooxidation of various substances such as catecholamines and by the action of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system (Han, Mytilineou, and Cohen 1996).
Profiling donepezil template into multipotent hybrids with antioxidant properties
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Eva Mezeiova, Katarina Spilovska, Eugenie Nepovimova, Lukas Gorecki, Ondrej Soukup, Rafael Dolezal, David Malinak, Jana Janockova, Daniel Jun, Kamil Kuca, Jan Korabecny
Oxidative stress is considered as one of the key players in the aetiology and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders. Abundant data suggests that oxidative stress may induce not only cellular damage, but also DNA repair system breakdown or mitochondrial malfunction. All of these events largely contribute to aging and neurodegeneration, a phenomena observed in AD or Parkinson’s diseases progression21. A group of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contain highly reactive and more or less short-lived molecules derived from oxygen. Among these, free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, or hydrogen peroxide can be found being responsible for the cytotoxic effect22. Many biological systems have been implicated in ROS production like mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, peroxisomes, or endoplasmatic reticulum23. Increased ROS levels may be down-regulated by several defence systems including antioxidant enzymes or endogenous small-molecule antioxidants (e.g. superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins, tri-peptide glutathione, vitamins E, and C)24. On the other hand, low levels of ROS have been shown to be involved in physiological processes like cellular signalling, pro-survival pathways or activation of transcription factors regulating cellular response to ROS25.
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Scutellaria barbata and its anticancer activity in pancreatic cancer cell (PANC‐1)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Lei Wang, Jianwei Xu, Ye Yan, Han Liu, Thiruventhan Karunakaran, Feng Li
Free radicals are classified as molecules or fragment of molecules that usually contain single or many unpaired electrons on the outermost orbital of the molecule. The sources for the production of free radicals in our body can be exogenous or endogenous in nature. The free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are extremely reactive in nature and may be involved in various kinds of pathological conditions [43]. The reactive oxygen species are nothing but by-products of usual cellular metabolism and play a major role in the cell signalling pathways, such as signal transduction between cells, cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. In the present research, the gold nanoparticles synthesized from the aqueous extract of the Scutellaria barbata exhibited significantly increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1) at the dose of 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml in contrast to the control cell lines. This effect may be the key factor of the anticancer activity of synthesized gold nanoparticles from Scutellaria barbata plant.
Bacterial meningitis: new treatment options to reduce the risk of brain damage
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Nicola Principi, Susanna Esposito
Analysis of BM physiopathology has allowed an understanding of why antibiotic administration is only partially effective in controlling BM evolution. Studies have shown that brain damage, sequelae and neuropsychological deficits depend not only on the direct deleterious action of the pathogens, but also on the host defenses themselves [11,12]. After the blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and central nervous system (CNS) invasion by infecting pathogens, the release of bacterial products, such as toxins, peptidoglycan and other components of the cell wall, directly or indirectly damages the CNS structures. However, the same and other bacterial compounds stimulate a strong immune system response and favor neutrophil invasion [13,14]. The concentration of several cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1-beta and IL-6, increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). High amounts of reactive oxygen species are produced. Oxidative stress is associated with further inflammatory marker activation, DNA-single strand breaks, mitochondrial impairment, metalloproteinase (MP) and prostaglandin activation. The damage to brain cells is the rule . Circulatory alterations further increase cellular lesions through damage to the microvasculature, vasculitis, thrombosis and vasogenic brain edema that, in turn, causes a severe increase in intracranial pressure.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemistry
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Hydroperoxide
- Superoxide
- Hydroxyl Radical
- Singlet Oxygen
- Nitric Oxide
- Fenton'S Reagent
- Superoxide Dismutase