Introductory Remarks
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Tumors and cancers are usually named for the organs or tissues in which they originate (e.g., brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, skin cancer, etc.). Depending on the type of tissue involved, tumors and cancers are grouped into a number of broad categories: (i) carcinoma (involving the epithelium), (ii) sarcoma (involving soft tissue), (iii) leukemia (involving blood-forming tissue), (iv) lymphoma (involving lymphocytes), (v) myeloma (involving plasma cells), (vi) melanoma (involving melanocytes), (vii) central nervous system cancer (involving the brain or spinal cord), (viii) germ cell tumor (involving cells that give rise to sperm or eggs), (ix) neuroendocrine tumor (involving hormone-releasing cells), and (x) carcinoid tumor (a variant of neuroendocrine tumor found in the intestine).
Introductory Remarks
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Tumor or cancer is usually named for the organs or tissues from where it starts (e.g., brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, and skin cancer). Depending on the types of tissue involved, a tumor or cancer is grouped into a number of broad categories: (1) carcinoma (involving the epithelium), (2) sarcoma (involving soft tissue), (3) leukemia (involving blood-forming tissue), (4) lymphoma (involving lymphocytes), (5) myeloma (involving plasma cells), (6) melanoma (involving melanocytes), (7) central nervous system cancer (involving the brain or spinal cord), (8) germ cell tumor (involving cells that give rise to sperm or eggs), (9) neuroendocrine tumor (involving hormone-releasing cells), and (10) carcinoid tumor (a variant of a neuroendocrine tumor found mainly in the intestinal tract).
Therapeutic Potential of Radiolabeled Peptides: The Basel Experience
Marco Chinol, Giovanni Paganelli in Radionuclide Peptide Cancer Therapy, 2016
However, the outlook for a patient diagnosed with an advanced neuroendocrine tumor still remained gloomy in terms of prognosis and survival, and the roles of chemotherapy and other treatments remained a source of debate. Any benefit in terms of gain in survival time and alleviation of symptoms must be balanced against the costs of treatment toxicity and any deterioration in quality of life. Therefore, there was an overwhelming consensus in our group that a standardized quality of life assessment was required in our next study.
Early esophageal neuroendocrine tumor
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Heather Branstetter, Atin Agarwal, Scott Paulson, Anh D. Nguyen, Vani Konda
The histology from the EMR specimen demonstrated a 1 mm tumor with cells in both nest and rosette pattern extending into the muscularis mucosa (Figure 2). The cells were positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, and cytokeratin on immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, Ki-67 was <2%. These histologic findings were consistent with a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. There were negative margins on the resected specimen, and a computed tomography scan showed no evidence of metastatic disease. Oncology concluded that the tumor was a primary distal esophageal neuroendocrine tumor that was completely resected by EMR with negative margins. The rest of the biopsy specimens obtained with a mapping protocol were consistent with Barrett’s esophagus, with focal low-grade dysplasia but no evidence of high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma. The patient completed endotherapy and is in her second year of surveillance without evidence of recurrence of either dysplasia or tumor.
Radiolabeled FAPI in pancreatic cancer: can it be an additional value in the management of patients?
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Laura Evangelista, Viviana Frantellizzi, Orazio Schillaci, Luca Filippi
In many reports, the role of FAPI-PET was assessed in various types of cancer [11,28–31], and pancreatic tumor was generally described in terms of either semiquantitative FAPI-uptake or in change of staging. Kratochwil et al. [30] reported that the average FAPI SUVmax of pancreatic cancer was intermediate, ranging between 6 and 12. Mona et al. [29] found that among 14 different types of cancer, pancreatic neoplasm showed the highest FAPI uptake. Kosmala et al. [28] reported an experience both in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 6) and in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor/cancer (n = 6). The authors found a change in staging after radiolabeled FAPI PET in 8/12 (67%) patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor/cancer, with the same proportion (n = 4/6 and n = 4/6, respectively). Nevertheless, the change of management was reported only in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 3/6, 50%). Chen et al. [11] reported only one patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma describing an intense uptake of FAPI in the whole gland that masked the primary lesion. However, the same authors reported an additional experience in three patients with suspicion of pancreatic cancer and inconclusive 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging, showing that FAPI detected one true positive case (SUVmax: 24.76) but 2 false-positive results (respectively one pancreatitis and one pancreatic cystadenoma).
Surufatinib for the treatment of advanced extrapancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
Xiuhua Lu, Shibin Yan, Kelly Ann Koral, Zhongguang Chen
Over the past several decades, NETs have been considered a rare and intractable disease. Disease progression is slow in the early stages and there are no specific symptoms. Therefore, NETs were difficult to diagnose and were unable to be diagnosed until the tumor metastasized. With the development of gastrointestinal endoscopy and increasingly rich detection methods in recent years, the incidence of NETs has been increasing substantially. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program showed the age-adjusted incidence rate increased 6.4-fold from 1973 (1.09 per 100,000 persons) to 2012 (6.98 per 100,000 persons) in the U.S. [11]. Recently, the incidence continues to increase, particularly in older adults [12]. According to Frost and Sullivan, there were 19,000 newly diagnosed cases of neuroendocrine tumors in the U.S. in 2018. There were approximately 141,000 estimated patients living with neuroendocrine tumors in the U.S. and approximately 132,000 were non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients in 2018. In China, there were approximately 67,600 newly diagnosed neuroendocrine tumor patients in 2018 and potentially as many as 300,000 patients living with the disease [13]. The most common primary sites for NENs in China were the pancreas (31.5%) and rectum (29.6%), followed by stomach (27.0%) [14].