Cancer
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Metastasis: the ability of tumor cells to spread to other parts of the body and establish secondary tumors. Malignant tumor cells can break off and utilize blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to spread to other areas of the body. Tumor cells enhance their potential for local invasion and metastatic spread by releasing protease enzymes that digest the extracellular matrix surrounding adjacent cells. Certain organs such as the lungs are prime locations for the formation of metastasis due to the large amount of blood flow they receive from the body. The liver is also a common site of metastasis for tumors originating in the gastrointestinal tract because blood draining the intestines must first pass through the liver via the hepatic portal system. Some common sites of metastasis for various cancers are listed in Table 18.3.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Debjani Sahni, Adam Lerner, Bilal Fawaz in Advanced Skin Cancer, 2022
cSCC typically presents as a changing growth within an AK. Neoplastic change should be suspected if there is excessive hyperkeratosis, base induration, tenderness, or ulceration. De novo cSCC presents as an asymptomatic enlarging red papule or plaque with white scale. With time, these lesions tend to enlarge, ulcerate, or undergo central necrosis. The tumor arises in chronically sun-exposed areas in 90% of cases, with the head and neck being the most common sites in males, and the upper extremities followed by the head and neck in females. The risk of metastasis is relatively low and ranges from 3% to 5%, but once present, it is associated with a median survival of less than 2 years. The most common sites of metastasis are the regional lymph nodes, followed by the lungs, liver, brain, skin, and bones.2
Thyroid cancer
Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe in Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
The aim of imaging following thyroidectomy is to detect local recurrence, as well as regional and distant metastatic disease. US is the initial investigation to detect local recurrence and cervical lymph node metastases. FNA can then be performed on any residual mass. Radionuclides also have an important role in the follow-up of patients treated for thyroid cancer. Radioactive iodine, together with serum thyroglobulin measurements, is used to detect iodine-avid metastases. CT or MRI is used if the ultrasound findings are inconclusive or negative and the clinical suspicion of recurrence is high. CT and MRI are also used for assessment of distant metastases. FDG PET is used to detect recurrences when 123I scans are negative but thyroglobulin is raised, suggesting dedifferentiation.
Functional paclitaxel plus honokiol micelles destroying tumour metastasis in treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Xin Wang, Lan Cheng, Hong-Jun Xie, Rui-Jun Ju, Yao Xiao, Min Fu, Jing-Jing Liu, Xue-Tao Li
VM channels, first described in uveal melanomas by Maniotis in 1999, are the formation of microvascular channels directly generated from aggressive, metastatic and genetically deregulated cancer cells under hypoxia [6]. VM channels could accelerate tumour metastasis and provide adequate nutrition for the rapid growth of tumours. It was reported that the poor prognosis of lung cancer patients was closely related to the formation of VM channels [7–9]. Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site. The spread of metastasis may occur via blood or lymphatic and metastatic tumours are very common in the late stages of cancer [10]. Metastasis is the primary challenge for cancer treatment with a multifactorial process involving multiple signalling molecules from different signalling pathways. An increasing number of studies had indicated that the inhibition of cancer cells metastasis could remarkably enhance therapeutic effects for NSCLC [11–13].
EHD2 Overexpression Suppresses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Human Colon Cancer
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Chengqi Guan, Cuihua Lu, Mingbing Xiao, Weichang Chen
Metastasis is the transmission of malignant tumor cells to a distant site from the original site of the tumor. It remains to be the most common cause of lethal outcomes in various malignant tumors. It is a great challenge to obtain an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to metastasis in therapeutic strategies (8). An increasing amount of research suggests that the invasive feature of cancers is usually achieved by membrane trafficking (9). Specifically, membrane trafficking can modulate nutrient uptake and extracellular molecular signals by regulating the receptor and transporter locations on the plasma membrane. It also stabilizes the cell polarity, shape, and structure, together with organ function and architecture (10). Thus, membrane trafficking is crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, especially tumorigenesis and development (11).
Transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient affected by metastatic struma ovarii and endometriosis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018
Raffaella Fabbri, Rossella Vicenti, Roberto Paradisi, Stefania Rossi, Lucia De Meis, Renato Seracchioli, Maria Macciocca
Fertility preservation should be considered also for patient suffering from struma ovarii given its occurrence in a reproductive organ and often in a younger population. Struma ovarii is a monodermal germ cell tumor. It represents 2–3% of all ovarian tumors and by definition must be comprised of at least half thyroid tissue. Struma ovarii is rare and accounts for only 2% of all mature teratomas. Malignant struma ovarii is rarer still with malignancy occurring in fewer than 5% of all struma. The most frequent sites of metastasis are liver, peritoneum and close pelvic structures and occasionally distant organs such as bone, brain and lungs. Metastasis rates range from 7.5 to 35% and survival rates are 85–94.3% at 10 years. While the most comprehensive treatment for malignant struma ovarii would be abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with omentectomy, some have cautioned against overtreatment given the significant implication of permanent infertility [4].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Tumour Heterogeneity
- Pathogen
- Malignancy
- Mitosis
- Cancer
- Invasion
- Primary Tumor
- Metaplasia