Soft Tissues
Joseph Kovi, Hung Dinh Duong in Frozen Section In Surgical Pathology: An Atlas, 2019
In published frozen section series, the single most frequent soft tissue lesion was metastatic carcinoma. Obviously, metastatic soft tissue lesions will not be presented in this atlas. The second most common entity in soft tissue biopsies was chronic inflammatory processes, and the third were primary soft tissue tumors. Soft tissue sarcomas (STS-s) account for 1% of all malignant neoplasms in the US Obtaining all necessary clinical information is vital for the surgical pathologist who has been requested to render a frozen section diagnosis. The recommended procedure regarding soft tissue specimens in many laboratories of surgical pathology is as follows: a representative portion of the biopsy is processed for frozen section examination. The most common STS-s of adults are liposarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, whereas, in children rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequently diagnosed soft tissue tumor. Occasionally, no definite diagnosis can be given from the frozen section of a soft tissue lesion.
Endometrial inflammation
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng in Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
Normal endometrial inflammatory cells are distributed between the basal layer, the functional layer stroma and within the endometrial epithelium. Endometritis is characterised by increased numbers and abnormal distribution of endometrial inflammatory cells, frequently accompanied by morphological abnormalities of endometrial glands and stroma. Ligneous inflammation has been described in the endometrium, including women with type-1 congenital plasminogen deficiency. The inflammation is characterised by the accumulation within the stroma of amorphous acellular hyaline material associated with patchy acute and chronic inflammation. Depending on the pathological findings, endometritis is traditionally classified into nonspecific endometritis and other morphological subtypes. Nonspecific endometritis is most commonly seen in endometrial specimens sampled following delivery or an abortion. Malakoplakia is an unusual inflammatory condition that may mimic a malignant neoplasm. Microscopically, malakoplakia is characterised by sheets of cytologically bland macrophages with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm admixed with chronic inflammatory cells.
Bone disease
Simon Mays in The Archaeology of Human Bones, 2021
Metabolic bone diseases are those where there is disruption of the normal balance between bone formation and bone resorption due to metabolic abnormality. Congenital abnormalities, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, benign and malignant tumours and various forms of arthritis are among the types of diseases that have been identified in ancient skeletal remains. Malignant neoplasms in the skeleton may originate in the bone, but often they are carried to the skeleton from a primary malignant lesion in another tissue; such instances are known as metastatic carcinomas, and occur in older individuals. The prevalences of infections, such as leprosy or tuberculosis, erosive arthropathies, major congenital defects, and most metabolic diseases and neoplasms, are characteristically less than about 5%, and often under 1%. Radiology involves the use of X-rays, to produce an image and in some cases to yield quantitative data on aspects such as bone density. Radiological imaging enables a more complete description of pathological alterations in a specimen to be made.
Secondary Malignant Neoplasms After Childhood Cancer
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2011
Overall survival from cancer has greatly improved, although it still remains the second leading cause of mortality in the world. This result was achieved through the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are severely toxic to normal tissues. In the long-term follow-up of cancer patients, the development of secondary malignant disease is common and it is one of the most severe side effects of cancer treatment. Physicians aim to decrease this toxicity and reduce the development of secondary cancers. In this study, the epidemiology and etiology of second malignant neoplasms are reviewed.
Colorectal cancer biomarker discovery and validation using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics in blood: truth or dare?
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2014
Ank Reumer, Evelyne Maes, Inge Mertens, William CS Cho, Bart Landuyt, Dirk Valkenborg, Liliane Schoofs, Geert Baggerman
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant neoplasm. However, highly sensitive, specific, noninvasive tests that allow CRC diagnosis at an early stage are still needed. As circulatory blood reflects the physiological status of an individual and/or the disease status for several disorders, efforts have been undertaken to identify candidate diagnostic CRC markers in plasma and serum. In this review, the challenges, bottlenecks and promising properties of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in blood are discussed. More specifically, important aspects in clinical design, sample retrieval, sample preparation, and MS analysis are presented. The recent developments in targeted MS approaches in plasma or serum are highlighted as well.
Using gold nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of melanoma cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Salman Bagheri, Maryam Yasemi, Elmira Safaie-Qamsari, Jamal Rashidiani, Morteza Abkar, Mahmoud Hassani, Seyed Ali Mirhosseini, Hamid Kooshki
Several studies have been devoted to clear functionalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in different fields such as cellular and molecular biology, microbiology, immunology and physiology. In line with the high diagnostic value of AuNPs, its therapeutic application has been intensively developed in tumour therapy, in recent years. One of the best clinical applications of AuNPs is its use in targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs. Recent studies have focused on the application of AuNPs to treat melanoma – a malignant neoplasm sourced from melanocytes skin cells – with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Furthermore, early diagnosis can be successfully achieved through utilizing this technique even at early stages with localized distribution. Herein, this study details the previous researches focusing on the use of AuNPs as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic option in management of melanoma.