Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Liver cancer is an inflammation-driven liver disease preceded chiefly by hepatitis viral infection and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Based on the types of cells that become cancerous, liver cancer is categorized into primary liver tumors, which include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), fibrolamellar carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and mesenchymal cancers of the liver. Liver cancer is the sixth-most common cancer and the third-largest cause of cancer mortality worldwide in 2020, with approximately 906,000 new cases and 830,000 deaths. It is two to three times higher among men than in women and liver cancer ranks fifth in terms of global incidence and second in terms of mortality for men. Liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Mongolia, Thailand, Cambodia, Egypt, and Guatemala among both men and women and in an additional 18 countries among men. Primary liver cancer includes HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Globally, HCC is the dominant type of liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75% of all liver cancers (Sung et al. 2021). Most HCC cases (>80%) occur in either sub-Saharan Africa or in Eastern Asia (El-Serag and Rudolph 2007). The highest incidence rates in the world are found in Asia and Africa (Petrick et al. 2020). Most Asian countries are in the intermediate- to high-incidence zones of HCC. However, India falls in the low incidence zone. About 42,230 U.S. adults are expected to be diagnosed with liver cancer in 2021, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Cancer
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
The cause of hepatocellular carcinoma is primarily cirrhosis of the liver. However, the presence of the hepatitis B virus increases risks by 100 times in people who carry HBV. The risk factors include alcoholic cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and chronic HCV infection. In some areas of the world, hepatocellular carcinoma is of higher incidence because of ingesting foods that are contaminated with fungal aflatoxins. Liver cancer in diabetic patients may be related to medications being taken to control blood glucose. People with type 2 diabetes may develop fatty liver, which is a trigger for cirrhosis, fibrosis, and cancer. Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, people with type 1 diabetes do not have an increased risk of liver cancer.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande in Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer treatment algorithm recommends treatments in consideration of performance status, Child-Pugh class, tumor number, portal vein invasion, and tumor size. Surgery is the first option for a single hepatocellular carcinoma with good liver function without considering tumor size. The algorithm does not consider the patient’s age, comorbidity, or future remnant liver function after surgery [1]. If surgery is not suitable, transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and liver transplantation should be considered. However, radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization were not effective for this patient, and liver transplantation could not be selected due to the patient’s age and the Milan criteria; therefore, external beam radiation therapy and systemic therapy should be considered. Median survival has improved by several months by systemic therapy with Sorafenib and other multikinase inhibitors. However, systemic therapy sometimes cannot be used because of severe side effects and its expensive cost. If hepatocellular carcinomais localized without metastasis, radiation therapy should be considered as another option. There is a lack of evidence of radiation therapy for large hepatocellular carcinoma; however, stereotactic body radiation therapy and proton beam therapy have been reported in patients unsuitable for other established local therapies [5].
Increased Risk of Hypertension in Alcohol Use Disorder of alcohol-related Liver disease-A Hospital Based Case Control Study
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2023
Prabhudas Nelaturi, Sangeetha P Kademani, Vithiavathi Siva Subramanian, Sambandam Ravikumar
Inclusion criteria comprise participants of age group >18 years with completed questionnaires. The chronic alcohol-related liver disease patients with variations in blood pressure were enrolled in the study. Patients suffering from clinical symptoms such as ascites, encephalopathy, jaundice, splenomegaly, kidney-related diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, and altered liver profile levels were included in the study. The patients with positive serological markers for hepatitis B or C virus and alcohol intake were included in the study. Exclusion criteria comprise the history of (i) cancer, (ii) diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and/or liver-related hospitalization, (iii) diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or CVD-related hospitalization and (iv) medical treatment with hepatotoxic drugs.
Importance of daptomycin dosage on the clinical outcome in liver transplant recipients with vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Ing-Kit Lee, Yi-Ping Sng, Wei-Feng Li, Chao-Long Chen, Chih-Chi Wang, Chih-Che Lin, I-Ling Chen
Altogether, 428 patients who underwent liver transplantation were identified during the study period. Among them, 22 (5.1%) patients (median age: 60.5 years [range: 1–67 years]) who developed VRE colonization/infection were included in the analysis. All patients with VRE colonization/infection had undergone transplant for the first time. Twenty patients underwent living-donor liver transplantation and two underwent transplantation from deceased donors. The three leading causes of liver disease were hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection. Among the 22 patients with VRE colonization/infection, 2 (9%) patients acquired VRE in the pre-transplant period, 16 (72.7%) in the early post-liver transplant period and 4 (18.1%) in the late post-liver transplant period. VRE colonization was observed in three patients in the early post-liver transplant period and in two patients in the late post-liver transplant period. Two patients acquired VRE infection while they were on the waiting list for a liver transplant. However, none of them developed VRE infection after transplantation. One patient had two episodes of VRE infection within a 3-month span during the late post-liver transplant period. Four out of 22 patients died, including three deaths in the early post-liver transplant period and one death in the late post-liver transplant period, resulting in a mortality rate of 18.2% (Table 1).
Evaluation of the human hazard of the liver and lung tumors in mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Tomoya Yamada, Brian G. Lake, Samuel M. Cohen
The permethrin mouse carcinogenicity study is nearly 40 years old (Ellison 1979) and diagnostic pathology criteria for mouse liver lesions have changed. Therefore, a new PWG was convened to reevaluate all permethrin-induced mouse liver neoplasms employing current nomenclature and diagnostic criteria (referred to as the 2019 liver PWG in this review). The 2019 liver PWG review followed the procedures recommended in the EPA Pesticide Regulation (PR) Notice 94-5: Requests for Reconsiderations of Carcinogenicity Peer Review Decisions Based on Changes in Pathology Diagnoses (US.EPA 1994). As part of the PWG process, a peer review of all liver sections was conducted by Dr. Robert R. Maronpot before the PWG meeting. As required by US.EPA PR Notice 94-5, the 2019 liver PWG examined all slides containing sections of the liver for which there were differing diagnoses involving proliferative lesions (neoplasm or hyperplasia) between the Study and Reviewing Pathologists. Additionally, all sections of the liver were reexamined by the 2019 liver PWG that had an original diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or hepatocholangiocarcinoma reported by either the Study or Reviewing Pathologist (Quist et al. 2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cirrhosis
- Hepatitis
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
- Liver Cancer
- Hereditary Haemochromatosis
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
- Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease