Inhalational Durg Abuse
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The intentional inhalation of gasoline vapors for its hallucinogenic effect was reported in the 1950s (Clinger and Johnson, 1951). Since then, much has been learned about the pathophysiology of gasoline sniffing and its therapy (Fortenberry, 1985). Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons and also contains aromatic hydrocarbon such as xylene, toluene, benzene, and tetraethyl lead. The latter is added to gasoline for its antiknock property. It has been suggested that tetraethyl lead may be responsible for the behavioral changes and hallucinations (Valpey et al., 1978) resulting from gasoline sniffing. Acute encephalopathy due to gasoline sniffing may produce euphoria, visual and auditory hallucinations, ataxia, and irritability. Chronic gasoline sniffing can produce a chronic encephalopathy manifested by dementia, ataxia, chorea, tremor, and myoclonus (Fortenberry, 1985). The acute and chronic encephalopathy is probably from intoxication due to organic lead in the gasoline (Valpey et al., 1978). Peripheral neuropathy, acute myopathy, and myoglobinuria have been demonstrated with gasoline sniffing. In severe cases, there may be seizures, coma, and death. The diagnostic test in a patient who is suspected of gasoline sniffing abuse is measurement of the blood lead level (Fortenberry, 1985).
Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski in Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Figures 4,5, and 6 show the general scheme of a petroleum refinery process, with focus on the production of petrolatum. First, a crude oil is subjected to atmospheric distillation, which removes gases and lighter refined products (i.e., fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel) from the bulk of the crude oil product at atmospheric pressure. The remaining oil is sent to a vacuum distillation unit so that the heavier fractions (e.g., lubricating oil fractions) can be removed without the extreme temperatures which would be required to perform this operation in an atmospheric distillation tower. Once these lube oil fractions are removed, the remaining material, often called "vacuum resid," is then taken to a solvent deasphalting/deresining unit. In this process, a solvent is used to extract the heavy oil from resins and asphalts which would be detrimental components in the finished petroleum products.
Measurement of Exposure and Dose
Samuel C. Morris in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Monitoring of microenvironments is a more practical approach, linking the results with population activity patterns to estimate population exposure (described more fully in Chap. 6). The most widely adopted microenvironmental monitoring has been for indoor monitoring. Most people spend the majority of their time indoors, and it is now widely recognized that indoor concentrations of many pollutants are different from outdoor concentrations. A building forms a protection against many reactive outdoor pollutants which are adsorbed on surfaces as they enter or after entering the building. Fine particles (<1μm) are not impaired, however, and these are more likely to contain toxic components (Natusch et al., 1974). In addition, indoor sources have been shown to be important. Kerosene heaters, gas stoves, household chemicals, evaporative emissions of gasoline components from automobiles in attached garages, and off-gassing from building materials and furnishings are examples (NAS, 1981). Indoor sampling poses problems not faced in outdoor sampling; high-volume pumps, needed to obtain samples of sufficient size for chemical analysis, cannot be used indoors because their flow volume disrupts air circulation in the building and their noise level is often objectionable (Howes et al., 1986). Measurements must be representative of exposures within the microenvironment. Radon measurements, for example, are often made in basements where the highest levels in the building are likely to be found but these are hardly representative of the exposure people receive in the building.
Skew-normal Bayesian spatial heterogeneity panel data models
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
Mohadeseh Alsadat Farzammehr, Mohammad Reza Zadkarami, Geoffrey J. McLachlan, Sharon X. Lee
Energy-conservation as a worldwide phenomenon is of great concern from a biological, environmental, political, and economic point of view, in which the demand for gasoline has received significant attention as a research topic. There has been a growing number of studies that model the demand for gasoline. Understanding the determinants for elasticity values of gasoline demand has been of interest to economists. A number of surveys and qualitative summaries of gasoline demand modelling and elasticity estimates of price and income have been conducted by researchers. Some of the models incorporated a measure to try to capture the impact of improvements in the energy efficiency of the stock of passenger cars over time; see, for example, the work of Dahl and Sterner [15,16], Baltagi and Griffin [8] and Espey [19].
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
In the chemical industry, ethanol has become the most widely used organic solvent [1]. It is equally an important product of the alcohol beverage industry and is one of the fastest growing fuel sources in the world [2]. The global interest in the use of ethanol as an alternative source of energy is increasing due to the inevitable depletion of global energy supply from sources such as fossil fuel, petroleum and coal [3–6]. In addition to the aforementioned, the global climate change, the increase in oil prices and the need for energy independence and security also invigorate this worldwide interest in ethanol as a biofuel [7]. Biofuels such as bio-ethanol offer more advantages than fossil fuels since they provide renewable and sustainable sources of energy [8]. Among the potential biofuels, commercial production of ethanol is already ongoing in many countries where it is used as an octane enhancer in combination with gasoline mixed in various ratios to produce gasohol.
Insights into the potential mechanism underlying liver dysfunction in male albino rat exposed to gasoline fumes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Folarin Owagboriaye, Sulaimon Aina, Rasheed Oladunjoye, Titilola Salisu, Adedamola Adenekan, Gabriel Dedeke
Gasoline is one of the refined liquid products of crude oil and contains more than 2000 hydrocarbons with some additives and blending agents. These hydrocarbon contents are highly volatile if left exposed and the vapor released into the atmosphere may be considered as gasoline fumes. Gasoline is mainly used as vehicle fuel. It is also used to power electricity generator at homes and industries [1]. This increasing daily consumption of gasoline has resulted in the increase in frequency with which humans are exposed to its fumes. An assessment from the California Office of the Environmental Health Hazard [2] noted that gasoline and its fumes contain some toxic substances including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), which are capable of causing various health hazards.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Benzene
- Diesel Fuel
- Fractional Distillation
- Mineral Oil
- Organic Compound
- Petroleum
- Carcinogen
- Internal Combustion Engine
- Jet Fuel
- Oil Refinery