Medical and Biological Applications of Low Energy Accelerators
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Proton therapy also may be used to treat these cancers:Central nervous system cancers, including chordoma, chondrosarcoma and malignant meningioma.Eye cancer, including uveal melanoma or choroidal melanoma.Head and neck cancers, including nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer and some nasopharyngeal cancers.Lung cancer.Liver cancer.Prostate cancer.Spinal and pelvic sarcomas are cancers that occur in the soft-tissue and bone.Noncancerous brain tumors.
Skin and soft tissue
Tor Wo Chiu in Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
In most cases, there is no clearly defined aetiology; however, in some cases, STSs are related to genetic conditions: Neurofibromatosis – NF1 (schwannoma, benign and malignant, 5% risk) and NF2 (meningiomas and schwannomas) and neurofibrosarcomas.Retinoblastoma – the original eye cancer can often be cured, but survivors are at high risk of developing another cancer decades after, particularly osteosarcoma or other sarcomas. This is probably due to the RB-1 gene mutation as well as the RT given (though tumours may occur outside the radiation field, e.g. leiomyosarcoma [LMS]).Li–Fraumeni syndrome – this is a rare AD condition that increases cancer susceptibility due to germline mutations of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. There is an increased risk to a wide variety of cancers including sarcomas (STS and bone) or breast, brain, leukaemias, often at a young age (below 45) and at multiple times.Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is one of the polyposis syndromes (FAP, Gardeners, AAPC); typical features include (abdominal) desmoids and osteomas.Gardner’s syndrome (Eldon Gardner, 1909–1989, was a geneticist who described the condition in 1951) – mutation of APC gene on chromosome 5q21 (AD inheritance) is associated with epidermoid cysts, desmoid tumours (15%), osteomas and colonic polyps, which are numerous and have malignant potential (100% risk unless the colon is removed). It is phenotypically distinct from the more common FAP but shares the same gene that is mutated, but in a different way.Risk is related to the number of polyps (e.g. more or less than 1000) as well as the specific mutation. Screen (FOB, or barium or scope) – every 1–2 years from age of 18–20 years usually treat with prophylactic surgery of various types.Gorlin’s syndrome (gene PTC [chromosome 9q22.3]) with increase in mediastinal sarcomas – fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) particularly.
Interferon Alfa 2b for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: Factors Influencing the Treatment Response
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2019
Swathi Kaliki, Kavya Madhuri Bejjanki, Akruti Desai, Ashik Mohamed
This is a retrospective study conducted at the Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for the study and the study adhered to the Tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients with OSSN treated with interferon were reviewed. The study period ranged from March 2014 to May 2018. All patients with non-invasive OSSN agreeing for monthly follow-up during the treatment period were offered IFN treatment. “Non-invasive OSSN” was defined as OSSN limited to corneal/conjunctival epithelium with no invasion into the underlying deeper structures. The findings were confirmed by clinical examination and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Those patients who were compliant to treatment and with a known treatment outcome over the follow-up period were included in the study. All patients with inadequate clinical data, those non-complaint to treatment, lost to follow-up with unknown treatment outcomes, and those with OSSN associated with xeroderma pigmentosum were excluded from the study.
Plaque brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma: strategies and techniques to reduce risk and maximize outcomes
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
Plaque brachytherapy has evolved from Stallard’s original high-energy cobalt-60 (60Co) disc-shaped sources, to Lommatszch’s beta-emitting ruthenium-106 (106Ru), strontium-90 (90Sr) and then low energy gamma radionuclide iodine-125 (125I) and palladium-103 (103Pd) seeds in gold plaques [1–5]. With each change, eye cancer specialists found different ocular radiation distributions as well as potential improvements in radiation safety for both physicians and patients. For example, the evolution to gold-shielded, low-energy seed sources has markedly decreased ocular adnexal radiation side effects and has allowed patients to transition from in-hospital to outpatient care. At The New York Eye Cancer Center, patients implanted with103Pd eye plaques typically emit radiation doses low enough to leave their houses and venture out within their communities even during brachytherapy. Clearly, the use of low-energy 103Pd has allowed for an almost normal existence during unconfined, out-patient plaque therapy. However, this is not the case for all radioactive plaque sources. Despite the short reach of beta-electrons, 106Ru and 90Sr plaques also emit high-energy bremsstrahlung radiation that typically require hospitalization during treatment [5,6].
Circ_0075804 Regulates the Expression of LASP1 by Targeting miR-1287-5p and Thus Affects the Biological Process of Retinoblastoma
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Qichao Han, Lan Ma, Li Shao, Hong Wang, Meiyan Feng
RB is a rare form of eye cancer. Recently, the implication of circRNAs in RB development has been intensively reported. For example, circ_0000527 expressed with a higher level in RB tissues and cells, and the forced expression of circ_0000527 aggravated RB cell viability, migration and invasion.20 Circ_0001649 expression was reduced in RB tissues and cells, and the low level of circ_0001649 was closely linked to the poor prognosis of RB patients.21 Reintroduction of circ_0001649 restrained RB cell growth and triggered cell apoptosis.21 Meanwhile, Zhao et al. observed that the E2F3 gene was overexpressed in RB, and the knockdown of E2F3 blocked cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis.12 Interestingly, they showed a circular splice variant of E2F3, named circ_0075804.12 Circ_0075804 was also highly expressed in RB, with a capacity to facilitate RB cell growth and limited cell apoptosis.12 Consistent with these findings, the upregulation of circ_0075804 in RB samples and cell lines was also observed in our study. We investigated more detailed functions of circ_0057804 and discovered that knockdown of circ_0075804 strongly blocked RB cell proliferation and invasion but enhanced cell apoptosis. These malignant RB cell phenotypes were repressed by circ_0075804 knockdown, hinting that circ_0075804 was a carcinogenic contributor at least in RB. Given that circ_0075804 has not been studied in other types of cancer, it is unknown whether the cancer-promoting role of circ_0075804 is universal, which requires further study.