Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Diesel fuel and gasoline produce straight-chain paraffins (aliphatics—alkanes C−C). Subtle differences in the composition and end combustion products that occur as crude oil are fractioned and may explain why some chemically sensitive and chronic degenerative diseased patients seem to have more visible problems from diesel fuel than from gasoline. However, these patients usually experience problems from exposure to both; the problems caused by one are often simply more severe than those from the other. For example, the chemically sensitive individual who fills his car gas tank may get a runny nose. When exposed to diesel exhaust, however, he may become dysfunctional. Also, when chronically exposed to gas fumes, this same person, over time, may become nonfunctional by developing neurodegenerative disease, arteriosclerosis, or cancer.
Carbon Monoxide
David J. George in Poisons, 2017
Carbon monoxide is a leading cause of poisoning deaths in the United States. Hundreds die each year from carbon monoxide poisoning and many thousands are treated in medical facilities. Survivors of poisonings can suffer significant neurological damage that may be permanent. Carbon monoxide is an odorless and colorless gas. Anything that burns fuel or generates combustion gases can be a source of carbon monoxide (Table 8.1). Fuel sources include wood, charcoal, coal, oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, propane, and natural gas. Many vehicles, heating units, appliances, tools, and other devices utilize these fuels. When carbon monoxide enters the lungs during respiration, it combines with hemoglobin in the blood and prevents the hemoglobin from transporting oxygen to vital organs.
Screening Smokes: Applications, Toxicology, Clinical Considerations, and Medical Management *
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
A developmental toxicity study was carried out by Starke et al. (1987) in which pregnant female rats were exposed to DF2 smoke (2340 mg m−3) over gestational days 6–15 for daily periods of 15 min and sacrificed on gestational day 20. There were no effects that could be attributed to DF2 smoke alone. A dominant-lethal study was conducted in male rats in which they were exposed to DF2 smoke for 15 or 60 min daily, 5 days week−1 for 10 weeks (Starke et al., 1987). There were no indications of dominant-lethal mutations. Diesel fuel was not mutagenic, with or without metabolic activation, in S. typhimurium and mouse lymphoma assays. Intraperitoneal dosing of rats with diesel fuel was clastogenic to bone marrow cells, inducing a 1% increase in chromosomal abnormalities at 2 mL kg−1 (but not 0.6 mL kg−1)(Conway et al., 1982). DF2 concentrates were not mutagenic in Drosophila melanogaster (Calahan et al., 1986). DF2 was a promoter in a SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis assay but did not show activity as a complete carcinogen in the same test (Slaga et al., 1983).
Application of three-dimensional Raman imaging to determination of the relationship between cellular localization of diesel exhaust particles and the toxicity
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Langying Ou, Akiko Honda, Natsuko Miyasaka, Sakiko Akaji, Issei Omori, Raga Ishikawa, Yinpeng Li, Kayo Ueda, Hirohisa Takano
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are a type of PM2.5 that partially contain nanoparticles. Presently, isolated diesel systems are still an extensively used technology for electricity generation in rural areas especially in developing regions such as the Middle East, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa (Cader et al. 2016; Shaddick et al. 2020). Moreover, diesel fuel is used in heavy construction, industry, and transportation systems such as marine vessels and buses worldwide. DEPs are composed of elementary carbon, organic matter, inorganic salts, metals, and trace elements with a large surface area, making them easily absorbable (Wichmann 2007). Therefore, the impact of DEPs on human health should be investigated, and this is even more important for people who live in developing areas and those who work in the industrial and transportation sectors.
Carboxylic acids accelerate acidic environment-mediated nanoceria dissolution
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Robert A. Yokel, Matthew L. Hancock, Eric A. Grulke, Jason M. Unrine, Alan K. Dozier, Uschi M. Graham
Nanoceria (∼1–100 nm cerium oxide, CeO2) is auto-catalytically redox active, cycling between Ce3+ and Ce4+ (Reed et al. 2014). It is used as a diesel fuel additive (Dale et al. 2017), an abrasive in chemical mechanical planarization in integrated circuit manufacture (Speed et al. 2015), as a catalyst in storage batteries, and as a catalyst structural support (Senanayake, Stacchiola, and Rodriguez 2013). Nanoceria has therapeutic potential to treat conditions with an oxidative stress/inflammation component. It has been shown beneficial in models of many conditions, including cancer (Gao et al. 2014; Pesic et al. 2015), radiation damage (Madero-Visbal et al. 2012; Li et al. 2015), bacterial infection (Alpaslan et al. 2017) and sepsis (Selvaraj et al. 2015), wounds (Chigurupati et al. 2013), stroke-induced ischemia (Kim et al. 2012), neurodegenerative disease (Heckman et al. 2013), cardiovascular dysfunction (Minarchick et al. 2015), liver dysfunction (Oró et al. 2016), and retinal degeneration (Wong and McGinnis 2014). It has been noted that ‘Good colloidal stability and narrow size distribution are essential for the successful biomedical application of ceria nanoparticles’ (Kim et al. 2012). The above-referenced studies used 3–5 nm ceria, often coated (with citrate/EDTA, dextran, PEG, or other agents) to prevent agglomeration.
Nanoceria distribution and effects are mouse-strain dependent
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Robert A. Yokel, Michael T. Tseng, D. Allan Butterfield, Matthew L. Hancock, Eric A. Grulke, Jason M. Unrine, Arnold J. Stromberg, Alan K. Dozier, Uschi M. Graham
Nanoceria (nanoscale cerium oxide, cerium dioxide, ceria, CeO2) is a family of metal oxide-engineered nanomaterials extensively used industrially and shown to have beneficial pharmaceutical properties. Nanoceria are auto-catalytically redox active, cycling between Ce+++ and Ce++++ (Deshpande et al. 2005). The surface has oxygen vacancies in its cubic fluorite structure that allow it to easily accept and donate oxygen, providing its catalytic properties. Nanoceria are used as catalysts in diesel fuel, abrasives in chemical mechanical planarization in integrated circuit manufacture, as structural supports for catalysts for fuel synthesis applications, in solid oxide fuel cells, and in rechargeable batteries (Feng et al. 2006; Younis, Chu, and Li 2016). Cerium oxide was selected by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials as one of the 13 representative manufactured nanomaterials for safety testing (OECD 2010).
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Gas to Liquids