Praziquantel
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Cure rates of 100% have been reported with single-dose therapy of clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis (Horstmann et al., 1981; Chen and Hsieh, 1982; Kuang et al., 1984; Lee, 1984). A detailed study has demonstrated that the adult worms of Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, S. japonicum, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Paragonimns westermani all develop tegumental vacuolization when incubated in vitro with praziquantel (Mehlhorn et al., 1983). Such tegumental damage is time and concentration dependent, with O. viverrini susceptible to this effect at all concentrations and P. westermani being the least susceptible. However, all of these parasites are successfully eliminated by praziquantel in vivo (Horstmann et al., 1981). Praziquantel has recently been demonstrated to have some activity against the European liver fluke (Opisthorchis felineus) in an animal model (Pakharukova et al., 2015). It has no significant activity against the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica.
The Challenge of Parasite Control
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2015
Humans become exposed to a wide range of parasites through the consumption of food items containing infective life-cycle stages. An example is the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), contracted by eating raw or undercooked beef infected with tapeworm cysticerci. Likewise, the lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani) is transmitted to fish-eating mammals, including humans, when they eat undercooked or raw freshwater crabs containing metacercariae. Freshwater fish that serve as second intermediate hosts may contain Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke) metacercariae. An estimated 35 million people in East Asia are infected with this trematode from the consumption of undercooked or raw fish.
Introduction to the Parasites
Donald L. Price in Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
Many animals or plants may function as intermediate or helping hosts of parasites. Infection with the adult stage of Taenia solium or T. saginata is acquired by deliberate ingestion of infected, inadequately cooked pork or beef, respectively (pigs and cattle are the intermediate hosts). Infection with Clonorchis sinensis can be acquired by eating portions of infected fish that may be used to prepare certain uncooked dishes, such as Japanese “sushi” or Chinese “yue-shan chuk” (raw carp with rice soup). Small infected arthropods may be accidentally ingested when eating grains or dried fruit (Hymenolepis diminuta). These are all examples of passive transmission from an infected source.
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
Fish-borne trematode infections in wild fishes in Bangladesh
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Sharmin S. Labony, M. Abdul Alim, Muhammad Mehedi Hasan, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Ausraful Islam, Mohammad Zahangir Alam, Naotoshi Tsuji
More than 45 million people are affected globally only with opisthorchiasis, diseases caused by opisthorchid flukes. Of the opisthorchid flukes, Clonorchis sinensis, the most important liver fluke, affects 15 million people only in East Asia, including 13 million in China and 1 million in northern Vietnam [7,8]. Historically, although C. sinensis infection was highly endemic in Japan, only a few cases have recently been reported; however, approximately 1.2 million individuals are infected in South Korea [8]. On the other hand, 8.6 million people have been infected with Opisthorchis viverrini in Southeast Asian countries, approximately 6 million of whom were in Thailand [9]. Additionally, 1.6 million individuals are infected with O. felineus globally, including 1.5 million in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [10]. According to Nguyen et al. [4], more than 750 million individuals are at risk to fish borne liver flukes throughout Asia. Furthermore, 40–50 million individuals have been affected with one or more species of fish-borne intestinal flukes and approximately half a billion individuals are at risk globally [11]. In a recent study, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of FBTs had been reported to be 1.8 million, and estimated to have increased by 8.5% within 2007–2017 [12]. FBTs, particularly liver flukes, have been implicated in biliary tract obstruction, bile flux block, and icterus [13]. Infections by intestinal flukes cause fatigue and mild gastrointestinal symptoms, such as epigastric pain, anorexia, and diarrhea, however, in severe infections they cause abdominal cramps, malabsorption, and weight loss [14].
A retrospective administrative database analysis of the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the development of cholelithiasis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Chien-Hua Chen, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
PI is reportedly related to the development of IHSs and CBD stones (bile duct stones), rather than the development of gallstones2,6. However, the development of IHSs is relatively uncommon in India, where helminthiasis is common. Although the presence of gallstones in clonorchiasis has been documented in the literature, the development of gallstones is mainly related to metabolic syndrome2,7. Our previous case–control study evidenced that the development of IHS is associated with clonorchiasis or ascariasis, which was diagnosed based on serological tests. Furthermore, the study did not support the association between clonorchiasis or ascariasis and the development of gallstones8. However, A. lumbricoides or Clonorchis sinensis has been occasionally identified in the biliary tracts or the gallbladder of Asians, and it has been reported that clonorchiasis and helminthiasis dead bodies or eggs can provide the nidus for the formation of stones in the bile ducts or the gallbladder7,9. Therefore, the indeterminate association between PI and the sub-types of cholelithiasis requires additional studies for clarifying their actual association and pathogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that clonorchiasis or helminthiasis is associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis. In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to determine the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the subsequent development of cholelithiasis, including gallstones and bile duct stones.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cirrhosis
- Clonorchiasis
- Liver Fluke
- Carcinogen
- Hepatomegaly
- Bile Duct
- Bile
- Gallbladder
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma