Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid in Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Cervical cancer is cancer arising from the cervix, a part of the uterus in female reproductive organ. The persistent infection of the human papillomavirus (high-risk subtypes of HPV, HPV-16 and HPV-18) is the principal cause of almost all cervical cancers whereas risk factors such as early marriage, promiscuity, bad genital hygiene and so forth are other well-known causes [15]. Cervical cancer, though highly prevalent cancer, can be prevented primarily by avoiding HPV infection through HPV vaccination and undergoing screening programs. The commonly used bivalent (Cervarix), quadrivalent (Gardasil) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil-9) have shown greater (90%) efficacy in protecting against infection of HPV-16 and HPV-18, which are associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia. The implementation of formal screening programs in developed countries has helped reduce incidents and mortality of cervical cancer to nearly half in the past 30 years [15].
Viruses
John Melford in Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
There are more than 100 types of the human papillomavirus, only a small number of which have been implicated in causing cancer. Its prevalence in developed countries is approximately 7%, compared to 15% in developing countries. Infections of the virus usually clear without treatment within a few months. After two years, 90% are cleared, but repeated infections may occur. Human papillomaviruses are tissue specific and have primarily been associated with cancers of the cervix, the vulva, the anus, the penis, and throat. Genital warts, which are highly infectious, are also very common. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer can be attributable to human papillomavirus infections. Following exposure, it may take between 10–20 years for it to develop. Symptoms of cervical cancer tend to appear only after the disease has reached an advanced stage, and include abnormal vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse, fatigue, weight loss, and vaginal discharge. On a global scale, an estimated 471,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year, 80% of which occur in less developed countries.
Therapeutic Potential of Marine Foods: A Review
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal in Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Cervical cancer also arises due to the infection caused by the HPV virus (human papillomavirus) that is present in the female genital. Therefore, the prevention and control of this virus has attained major consideration through different scientific studies [83]. Vaccine for the first generation of HPV is now commercially available to control its infections [115]. Though, in developing countries, people cannot afford its cost as it is too expensive to purchase. Therefore, scientists are in a quest to search the anti-HPV medicine, which would be less expensive and easily available. Various studies had proved that natural bioactive compounds and their derivatives have high potential in this regard. These compounds can be used in the form of functional food as a new generation anti-HPV. These products are relatively less expensive, more effective with fewer side effects.
Inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway with copper oxide nanoparticles from Houttuynia cordata plant: attenuating the proliferation of cervical cancer cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Hongmin Chen, Xiaojie Feng, Ling Gao, Suresh Mickymaray, Anand Paramasivam, Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz, Hussain A. Almasmoum, Mazen M. Ghaith, Riyad A. Almaimani, Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
Cervical cancer is the female genital cancer that forms underneath portion of the uterus that links to the vagina [1], cancer that occurs in cervical cells. In year 2018, worldwide cancer incidence and mortality data estimates show nearly 570,000 cases with cervical cancer and 311,000 deaths at particular year. It is the fourth most occurring cancer among women. Cervical cancer considered as a serious health issue affected mid-aged women, peculiarly in low economic countries [2]. The human papillomavirus types are the root cause for the infection which leads to the formation of cervical cancer. Currently, HPV16 and HPV18 types vaccines protect against the deadly disease cervical cancer in womens because these two strains are the causative agent of 75% of cervical cancer [3]. Currently, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are applied in the interventions of cancers early stage. However, there are several side effects which are deleterious to the patients [4] and cancer relapse was also prominent.
Use of Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery in Cervical Cancer Patients to Prevent Vaginal Stump Contracture
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Zhi Wang, Ang Zeng, Fei Long, Ming Wu, Xian-Jia Tan, Zi-Wen Liu, Xiao-Jun Wang
Cervical cancer is the malignancy occurring in the uterine–vaginal segment and cervical canal, commonly found in women 40–50 years old. Recent years, the incidence of cervical cancer has increased with people at a younger age. A total of 528,000 patients were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and among them, 266,000 died in 2012 worldwide [1]. Cervical cancer has become the fourth common malignancy among women globally [2]. Currently the radical surgery combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy is the primary therapy for cervical cancer at an early stage [3,4]. However, it is often complicated with bladder-emptying disorders, colorectal dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction [5,6]. For patients with cervical cancer at stages IA–IIB, the postoperative intracavitary or extracorporeal radiotherapy is commonly recommended. During this process, the vagina was partially resected during the radical surgery, and vaginal stenosis was easily induced by radiotherapy. Therefore, many patients complained vaginal stump contracture after sequential therapies [4,6]. The severe contracture of vagina not only impacts the gynecological examinations but also compromises the sexual life of young patients [7]. To address the problem of vaginal stenosis and contracture after cervical cancer surgery combined with radiotherapy, we performed the reconstructive surgery for these patients.
The role of random cervical biopsies in addition to colposcopy-directed biopsies in detection of CIN2+
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Atittaya Vallapapan, Nutthaporn Chandeying, Sunamchok Srijaipracharoen, Khwanarnong Uthagethaworn
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In 2012, 528,000 new cases were diagnosed worldwide (Ferlay et al. 2014). Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and develops over many years through a series of precancerous steps (Walboomers et al. 1999; Munoz et al. 2003). The disease can be prevented by using the HPV vaccine or by a screening with an HPV test or through Pap smears (de Blasio et al. 2012; Saslow et al. 2012). The rationale for screening is to identify and treat the precancerous lesions before the development of an invasive cervical cancer. Women with an abnormal cytology should be evaluated by a colposcopy and biopsy. Only women with a histologically confirmed CIN2+ should be treated with a large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) (Saslow et al. 2012).
Related Knowledge Centers
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