Gynaecological Problems – Questions
Rekha Wuntakal, Madhavi Kalidindi, Tony Hollingworth in Get Through, 2014
Which one of the following is true with regard to the cervical screening programme in the UK? Cervical screening starts at the age of 20 years in England.Cervical screening is a test for cervical cancer.All women between the ages of 20 and 65 years should be screened every 3 years.Liquid-based cytology is more cost effective than the traditional Pap smear test.Cervical screening is not necessary if a woman has never been sexually active.
Cancer screening
Mark R Baker in Modernising Cancer Services, 2018
The NHS cervical screening programme was established in 1988 when all health authorities introduced computerised call and recall systems. Cervical screening is a method of preventing cancer by detecting and treating precancerous changes in the cervix. The programme aims to reduce both the number of women who develop invasive cancer and the number of women who die from it. All women between the ages of 20 and 64 years are eligible for a cervical smear test at least once every five years. Health authorities invite women who are registered with a general practitioner to use a computerised call and recall system. The system also keeps track of any follow-up investigation and, if all is well, recalls the women for screening at a due date in the future. The programme screens almost 4 million women in England each year, and 84% of these women have been screened within the previous five years. The NHS Plan5 has recently announced that, over the next few years, liquid-based cytology will be introduced into the NHS. This is a new technology for preparing the smear samples to increase their accuracy and reduce the number of inadequate cervical smear tests taken. Automation of the smear-reading process is currently also being examined within the programme. Such technology will assist and improve the smear-reading process and the efficiency of the service.
Viruses
John Melford in Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
The American Cancer Society recommends: All women should begin cervical cancer screening at the age of 21.Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test every 3 years.Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should have both a Pap test and a human papillomavirus test every 5 years, or alternatively a Pap test alone every 3 years.Women over the age of 65 who have had regular screenings with normal results should not be screened for cervical cancer.Women who have been diagnosed with cervical pre-cancer should continue to be screened.
Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
The natural history of cervical cancer offers unique opportunities for prevention of the disease (Denny 2012). Conventionally, Pap smear and liquid-based cytology (LBC), combined with treatment of cervical pre-cancerous lesions and early-stage cancer, has been successful in preventing up to 80% of invasive cervical cancer cases in the developed world (Gichangi et al. 2003; Kivistik et al. 2011). Cervical cancer screening involves testing for HPV infection and cervical cancer precursor lesions among women who have no symptoms. When screening detects cervical pre-cancerous lesions, treatment can easily be instituted, and cancer avoided. Screening can also detect early-stage cervical cancer at a time when treatment has a high potential for cure. Currently, primary approaches to HPV prevention include both risk reduction and development of vaccines against HPV infection. Furthermore, the risk of contracting HPV may also be decreased with the use of latex condoms and spermicides. However, these are not totally reliable, since HPV infection may be transmitted through contact with other parts of the body, such as the external genitalia, or anus, that are not protected by a condom (Burd 2003).
The use of colposcopic punch biopsy in the management of abnormal cervical cytology: a 5–year retrospective audit
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Ilker Kahramanoglu, Fuat Demirkiran, Hasan Turan, Tugan Bese, Nevin Yilmaz, Sennur Ilvan, Macit Arvas
An appropriate management of women with an abnormal cervical cancer screening test is a key step of cervical cancer prevention. As a standard procedure, a colposcopy is used to assess the cervical transformation zone and a punch biopsy is performed to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II/III) in women with abnormal cervical cytology (Okonkwo and Selo-Ojeme 2015; Wentzensen et al. 2017). As an alternative, in case of a suspicious finding for CIN II + on colposcopy such as a dense to the white epithelium, a mosaic pattern, a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) can be performed instead of a colposcopic biopsy, which is referred to as the see-and-treat strategy (Demirkiran et al. 2017). However, the major concern of the see-and-treat strategy is an overtreatment, that is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy-related morbidity such as a preterm delivery, premature rupture of the membranes and a low birth weight (Kyrgiou et al. 2006; Kuroki et al. 2016).
The pattern of human papillomavirus infection and genotypes among Nigerian women from 1999 to 2019: a systematic review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Maisie Henrietta Etukudo, Idongesit Kokoabasi Isong, Anthony Ogbonna Emeribe, Justin Onyebuchi Nwofe, Chikodi Modesta Umeozuru, Buhari Isa Shuaib, Odunayo Rahmat Oyetola Ajagbe, Amos Dangana, Bibiana Nonye Egenti, Peter Elisha Ghamba
Moreover, as a measure for ensuring early cervical cancer diagnosis, the use of screening tools such as cost-effective cervical screening through visual inspection with acetic acid and/or Lugol’s iodine, or detection of high-risk HPV types [40] could reduce the high burden of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. The current WHO recommendations on cervical cancer screening are based on age of women. However, data from studies used for this systematic review revealed that the prevalence of HPV infection was similar within the three-age group and was not significantly associated with age. A dissimilar study accounted the effect of age on HPV prevalence in Africa [41]. The outcome of some other reports revealed the HPV infection prevalence increases inversely with age in younger females unlike the older counterparts where there is either an increase, a plateau or a decrease. This is not similar with a study that observed no influence of age on HPV prevalence [42].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cell Biology
- Cervical Cancer
- Colposcopy
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Nucleic Acid Test
- Pap Test
- Liquid-Based Cytology
- Papillomavirus Infection
- Speculum