Cancer
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Carcinomas are malignant cells which emerge in the sheets of epithelial tissue that cover all the surfaces of the body, including all organs. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells that include squamous cells, adenomatous cells and transitional cells. Squamous cell carcinoma starts in areas such as the skin or the lining of the oesophagusAdenocarcinoma starts in glandsTransitional cell carcinoma starts in tissues that can stretch, such as the lining of the bladderBasal cell carcinoma starts in the cells that make up the deepest layer of skin
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bladder cancer affects about 3.5 million people globally, with 430,000 new cases diagnosed every year, resulting in close to 200,000 deaths. Age of onset is most often between 65 and 85 years of age. Blood in the urine is the most common symptom in bladder cancer. Other symptoms include pain during urination (dysuria), frequent urination, and lower back pain. However, these signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer and may also be caused by noncancerous conditions, including prostate infections, overactive bladder or cystitis. Risk factors include smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma, while other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is typically made by cystoscopy and tissue biopsy, while staging is determined by computed tomography (CT) scan and bone scan.
The female reproductive system
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Microscopically, epithelial ovarian tumours may be smooth-walled cystic lesions (Figure 15.11) or contain a mixture of solid and cystic areas (Figure 15.12). Papillary tumours are also relatively frequent and tend to be of the serous type (see below). Each category of epithelial tumour is divided into three subcategories, based on a combination of cytological and architectural features (Table 15.6). This distinction is of fundamental importance, because the clinical behaviour of the tumour depends almost entirely on the presence of stromal invasion. Benign tumours effectively have no malignant potential. Invasive tumours are by definition malignant. Borderline tumours, which are most commonly serous (low-grade) or mucinous in type, are not clearly malignant but, in a small proportion of patients, may be associated with malignant features at a later date. The distinction between benign and borderline tumours is made microscopically. Although invasive carcinomas are often identifiable macroscopically, formal diagnosis requires histological examination. It is important to appreciate that the defining features of invasive carcinoma are stromal invasion and metastasis. Invasive tumours are staged according to the extent of spread as shown in Table 15.7. Note that this staging system also applies to fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinomas, reflecting the fact that pelvic serous carcinomas are now staged and managed similarly irrespective of their apparent site of origin (see below).
Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation Initially Presented as Glaucoma
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Fangyu Zhao, Liying Hu, Ruru Guo, Zhiqing Li, Jian Ji, Wei Liu
Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, with a poor visual prognosis. Paraneoplastic syndrome is a group of symptoms attributed to functional peptides and hormones secreted by the tumor or immune cross-reactivity, unrelated to direct tumoral invasion or compression.1 The primary neoplasm is often occult, and almost half of the cases are detected because of BDUMP.2 The age of affected patients ranges from 50 to 80 years with no gender difference.3 The reported malignancies related to BDUMP include genitourinary cancers, such as ovary, uterus, and cervix cancers in females and lung, prostate, pancreas, and colon cancers in males.4 Among them, carcinomas of the ovary and lungs, are the most common causes.
VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms predict improved outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Huijie Qi, Wenxin Zhang, Yan Wang, Mengxi Ge, Tianxiao Wang, Liudi Zhang, Mingkang Zhong, Xiaojin Shi, Xiaohua Liang, Qiong Zhan, Qunyi Li
The details of patients’ characteristics in the study are listed in Table 1. In total, 196 advanced NSCLC patients were enrolled, who were comprised of 127 (64.8%) males and 69 (35.2%) females. The numbers of never and former/current smokers were 118 (60.2%) and 78 (39.8%), respectively. The age of all patients ranged from 38 to 82 years with median of 60 years. Most patients (n = 170, 86.7%) had a good performance status (0–1). All patients were histological diagnosed with advanced NSCLC, 31 (15.8%) in stage IIIA, 42 (21.4%) in stage IIIB and 123 (62.8%) in stage IV. For tumour histology, we classified it with three types, adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and others (included adenosquamous carcinoma, mixed-cell, neuroendocrine, or undifferentiated carcinoma). Adenocarcinoma (n = 137, 69.9%) was the most common type. All patients were treated with first-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Among different chemotherapy combinations, 128 (65.3%) patients received AP (platinum-pemetrexed), while 39 (19.9%) received TP (platinum-taxol) treatment. There are 15 patients carried two EGFR mutations, so the incidence of EGFR mutation is 46/196 (23.5%) in this study. At the survival analysis, the median PFS of NSCLC patients was 262 days.
CEMIP as a prognostic biomarker for cancers: a meta- and bioinformatic analysis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Huan Chen, Qingting Wang, Jin Liu, Yuqian Chen, Qianqian Zhang, Limin Chai, Yan Wang, Danyang Li, Yuanjie Qiu, Manxiang Li
A flowchart of the search strategy is shown in Figure 1. Based on previous search strategies and criteria, a total of 278 studies were preliminary found. The final 11 articles were used for further research originated from Japan and China in Table 1 [21,23,28–36]. A total of 1355 patients were included in these studies. Types of cancer include hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and osteosarcoma. All articles evaluated the expression level of CEMIP by immunohistochemistry, and the cutoff values included IRS ≥ 3, mean intensity, or positive cells > 75%. In our study, all included articles were rated a high score of NOS.