Biochemistry of Exercise Training: Mitigation of Cancers
Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse in The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Cancer treatment strives to cure or stop the progression of cancer with a variety of therapeutic approaches (i.e., chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery). The mechanistic understanding of tumour cell growth, physiology, and metabolism has been fundamental in the development of successful treatment strategies for the cancer patient (59). The identification of six hallmarks of tumour cell biology facilitated the initial framework for understanding the complexity of tumour cell biology and growth regulation (33). Processes involving neoplastic cell interaction with the tumour microenvironment have also been widely acknowledged as critical drivers of tumour growth and metastasis (34). In addition to neoplastic cells, the microenvironment includes endothelial, fibroblast, myofibroblast, pericyte, adipocyte, and immune cells that contribute to metabolic, immune, and angiogenic processes vital for sustaining tumour growth (49). Therefore, the tumour microenvironment has become a key focus for understanding the cell interactions that drive tumour growth and provides the basis for additional drivers of tumour growth involving avoidance of immune cell destruction and deregulation of tumour cellular energetics (34).
Molecular Imaging of Viable Cancer Cells
Shoogo Ueno in Bioimaging, 2020
Cancer is a global healthcare concern: its annual incidence worldwide in 2018 was estimated to be 18.1 million people, while mortality was 9.6 million people. It is said that one out of five to six people worldwide develop cancer during their lifetime, and one out of eight to ten people die from cancer. Since there is a better chance of recovery when cancer is found and treated at an early stage, as judged in terms of improved five-year survival rates, various types of cancer screening tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, cytology, endoscopic examination, and medical imaging, have been developed and are in routine clinical use. However, substantial numbers of cancer patients are still diagnosed late due to the lack of obvious cancer signs or symptoms, or for other reasons. Available types of cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and so on. In the case of surgical treatment, accurate and complete resection of the tumor is critical to achieve a cure.
Elective Egg Freezing
Steven R. Bayer, Michael M. Alper, Alan S. Penzias in The Boston IVF Handbook of Infertility, 2017
In the United States, approximately 125,000 women under age 50 are diagnosed with cancer each year [5], and from 2002 to 2012, survival rates were 83% in women younger than 45 years [6]. The mainstay of cancer treatment is typically surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Over the last four decades, advancements in cancer therapies have led to dramatic improvements in survival. As survival rates increase in patients with cancer, subsequent quality of life, including potential adverse effects on reproduction, is an important part of overall counseling and care. For women undergoing gonadotoxic therapy, the potential negative outcomes include irregular menses, premature ovarian failure, or infertility. These potential outcomes are dependent on patient age, type of treatment (agent, dose, and duration), and primary diagnosis. The American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends that health care providers address fertility preservation before cancer treatment, to discuss the possibility of infertility and fertility preservation options or refer to reproductive specialists [7]. The psychological impact of cancer treatment and potential infertility should not be underestimated. Though many cancer survivors report wanting children in the future and report anxiety because of potential treatment-related infertility, only approximately 47%–60% are informed about fertility preservation options, despite counseling being associated with less regret and greater posttreatment quality of life [8–11].
Genotoxicity of nedaplatin in cultured lymphocytes: modulation by vitamin E
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Muntaha S. Al-Khdour, Omar F. Khabour, Laith N. Al-Eitan, Karem H. Alzoubi
Cancer treatment includes different approaches such as surgery, radiation, bone marrow transplantation, and chemotherapy. In the chemotherapy approach, one or more anti-cancer drugs are usually utilized in the treatment regimen. Platinum compounds such as nedaplatin are among the most active metal-based antitumor agents (Rottenberg et al.2021). Nedaplatin has fewer side effects than other platinum compounds (Zhou et al.2020). Among the reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, and nephrotoxicity (Fu et al.2020). The antitumor efficacy of nedaplatin is utilized against solid tumors including cancers of the ovary (Soeda et al.2020), esophagus (Chen et al.2021), nose-pharynges (Zuo et al.2020), breast (Pang et al.2016), uterus (Mori et al.2019), head and neck (Okuda et al.2019), and lungs (Kanaji et al.2020).
Phytochemical based nanomedicines against cancer: current status and future prospects
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Md. Rizwanullah, Saima Amin, Showkat Rasool Mir, Khalid Umar Fakhri, Mohd. Moshahid Alam Rizvi
Cancer has become one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million deaths every year and its projected to continue rising to over 13.1 million by 2030 [1]. Common types of cancers are breast cancer, lung cancer, colon and rectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and skin cancer [1–3]. It can occur at any stage of life and in any age group but its early detection and treatment can improve the survival rate of the patient. Currently, cancer treatment involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patient relapse and metastasis of malignant cells are very common after chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery. Chemotherapeutic drugs kill both healthy and tumour cells and their prolonged use give rise to resistance of tumour cells in addition to severe side effects on normal tissues and organs [4]. Thus, it is imperative to use the ‘natural and safe product’ that has tumour growth inhibitory activity and can target multiple cellular pathways in cancer cells with no toxicity issue for normal cell.
Antiproliferative Effect of Vine Stem Extract from Spatholobus Suberectus Dunn on Rat C6 Glioma Cells Through Regulation of ROS, Mitochondrial Depolarization, and P21 Protein Expression
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Hyungkuen Kim, Sun Shin Yi, Hak-Kyo Lee, Tae-Hwe Heo, Sang-Kyu Park, Hyun Sik Jun, Ki Duk Song, Sung-Jo Kim
Common types of cancer treatment include physical removal by surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that destroys cancer cells through the use of drugs. Of these treatments, chemotherapy causes several adverse side effects such as vomiting, sore mouth, skin damage, and myelosuppression (64). While research aimed at reducing such side effects has been conducted, there are data suggesting that side effects can be reduced when Chinese herbal medicines (including SS) are administered in conjunction with chemotherapy. In addition, the SS has been shown to increase the survival rate of acute myeloid leukemia patients (65–68). In this study, we used macrophages (3D4/31), fibroblasts (DF-1, NIH-3T3) to confirm whether the SS extract has side effects in types of cells other than cancer cells. A WST-1 cell viability assay showed that highest anticancer effect of SS was detected at a concentration of 7 ng/mL, however, there was no significant decrease in the viabilities of other, noncancer, types of cells (Fig. 1B).
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