Molecular Imaging of Viable Cancer Cells
Shoogo Ueno in Bioimaging, 2020
Cancer is a global healthcare concern: its annual incidence worldwide in 2018 was estimated to be 18.1 million people, while mortality was 9.6 million people. It is said that one out of five to six people worldwide develop cancer during their lifetime, and one out of eight to ten people die from cancer. Since there is a better chance of recovery when cancer is found and treated at an early stage, as judged in terms of improved five-year survival rates, various types of cancer screening tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, cytology, endoscopic examination, and medical imaging, have been developed and are in routine clinical use. However, substantial numbers of cancer patients are still diagnosed late due to the lack of obvious cancer signs or symptoms, or for other reasons. Available types of cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and so on. In the case of surgical treatment, accurate and complete resection of the tumor is critical to achieve a cure.
Oncology
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
These drugs are classed as antineoplastics and are often referred to as cytotoxic agents since their use in cancer treatment is to destroy the abnormal cells. Hormonal therapy is employed to treat tumors that arise from hormonally mediated tissues such as the breast, prostate, and endometrium. Chemotherapeutic regimens of multiple agents are often used and are commonly referred to by abbreviations listed in Table 18.3 A number of adverse effects on various parts of the body are associated with the use of these antineoplastic drugs. Some of the terms frequently associated with these adverse effects are listed in Table 18.4
Exercise Prescription for Apparently Healthy Individuals and for Special Populations
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
In 2010, the ACSM sponsored an expert roundtable that generated exercise training guidelines for cancer patients, including suggested contraindications for exercise training.7,29 These contraindications include fever, extreme fatigue, significant anemia, and ataxia. A more complete list of these contraindications appears in the referenced sources.7,29 More severe subjective side effects of cancer and its treatments that will necessitate medical attention and a break from physical activity include severe cachexia, bone/joint pain (particularly in spinal region), declines in functional status (strength, balance, etc.), gastrointestinal disorders (vomiting, diarrhea, severe nausea, etc.), and cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms (chest pain, severe dyspnea, etc.).30 Vigorous-intensity (and possibly moderate-intensity) exercise should generally be avoided on the day of intravenous chemotherapy and within 24 hours after treatment.
Antiproliferative Effect of Vine Stem Extract from Spatholobus Suberectus Dunn on Rat C6 Glioma Cells Through Regulation of ROS, Mitochondrial Depolarization, and P21 Protein Expression
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Hyungkuen Kim, Sun Shin Yi, Hak-Kyo Lee, Tae-Hwe Heo, Sang-Kyu Park, Hyun Sik Jun, Ki Duk Song, Sung-Jo Kim
Common types of cancer treatment include physical removal by surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that destroys cancer cells through the use of drugs. Of these treatments, chemotherapy causes several adverse side effects such as vomiting, sore mouth, skin damage, and myelosuppression (64). While research aimed at reducing such side effects has been conducted, there are data suggesting that side effects can be reduced when Chinese herbal medicines (including SS) are administered in conjunction with chemotherapy. In addition, the SS has been shown to increase the survival rate of acute myeloid leukemia patients (65–68). In this study, we used macrophages (3D4/31), fibroblasts (DF-1, NIH-3T3) to confirm whether the SS extract has side effects in types of cells other than cancer cells. A WST-1 cell viability assay showed that highest anticancer effect of SS was detected at a concentration of 7 ng/mL, however, there was no significant decrease in the viabilities of other, noncancer, types of cells (Fig. 1B).
Oncolytic influenza virus infection restores immunocompetence of lung tumor-associated alveolar macrophages
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Dörthe Masemann, Katharina Köther, Meike Kuhlencord, Georg Varga, Johannes Roth, Brian Dennis Lichty, Ulf Rüdiger Rapp, Viktor Wixler, Stephan Ludwig
The primary goal of any cancer therapy is to selectively destroy tumor cells, limiting collateral damage of the surrounding tissue to a minimum. Although viruses are considered to be invasive pathogens and are commonly associated with harmful or severe diseases, their prospects have been considered for many years as therapeutic agents against cancer. The potential of influenza viruses as anti-NSCLC therapeutic agents is based on three facts. First, genetic analysis of human NSCLCs has shown that their aggressive neoplastic growth is almost exclusively based on oncogenic activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade.7,8,10,14 Second, replication of influenza viruses per se is host cell destructive30-32 and strongly depends on activation of the cellular Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Third, type II alveolar pneumocytes are the natural primary targets for both, neoplastic transformation to NSCLCs and infection by IAV infection.5,6,15,18
Lumichrome Inhibits Human Lung Cancer Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis via a p53-Dependent Mechanism
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Wipa Chantarawong, Nattakorn Kuncharoen, Somboon Tanasupawat, Pithi Chanvorachote
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and causes the largest number of cancer-related deaths in the world (1). There were approximately two million newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer in 2018 (1). Usually lung cancer exhibits a prompt local and systemic metastasis with high resistance to conventional antineoplastic therapies (2). Moreover, most currently used therapeutic agents usually cause serious toxicity due to the lack of cancer-cell specificity (3). Thus, development of new therapeutic agents with safe profile is urgently required to improve the clinical outcomes for cancer therapy. One principle of cancer therapy is to eliminate cancer cells via an apoptosis mechanism. Chemotherapeutic agents can induce apoptosis in cancer cells via induction of a DNA-damage signal or DNA adducts which trigger the activation of the p53 protein (4). p53 has the ability to induce transcription of pro-apoptotic genes, including B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-associated X (BAX) (5,6). In addition, p53 reduces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as BCL2 (5,6). The induction of pro-apoptotic protein expression subsequently causes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the release of cytochrome c, caspase activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, leading to apoptosis (7).
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