Peptide Vaccines in Cancers
Mesut Karahan in Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
While NPs can offer effective solutions in conventional drug administration, they can also offer effective solutions in the field of cancer immunotherapy. There are still difficulties in cancer immunotherapy, especially because of the poor immunogenicity of cancer vaccines and because immunotherapies can come up with unwanted side effects (Özcan and Karahan 2019). Many different biological and physicochemical activities of NPs which are especially approved or still studied, are versatile systems that can overcome these problems and cancer immunotherapy (Fan and Moon 2015). Also, despite the important efficacy of cancer vaccines, traditional vaccination approaches have been insufficient on the immune response to achieve successful treatments or complete protection from tumor vaccines (Rosenberg, Yang, and Restifo 2004) (Figure 11.6).
Therapeutic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Rheumatic Diseases
Thomas F. Kresina in Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines, and Arthritis, 2020
The use of MAbs as therapeutic agents has been studied most extensively in the area of cancer treatment. In theory, MAbs against specific surface receptors on malignant cells home to, and bind uniformly to, these antigens. This interaction activates complement-mediated cytolysis or the antibody-antigen complex itself attracts cytotoxic lymphocytes. Tumor cells are killed. It is also possible to conjugate MAbs to a variety of cytotoxic agents that might exert their beneficial effect only on specific malignant cells and leave normal cell populations intact. In 1980, the first report of MAbs as anticancer agents in humans was published (19). Initial treatment efforts with MAbs in malignant disease employed murine sources, but more recently human MAbs have been developed for this purpose (20). This form of cancer immunotherapy has great potential, but it is still in its early stages and several pitfalls have already developed during its implementation (20).
Diagnostics and therapeutics
Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim in A History of Medicine, 2017
Cancer immunotherapy can be thought of as a promising new therapeutic strategy with a long, complex history. Attitudes toward immunotherapy have fluctuated dramatically since Coley and Almroth Wright suggested that stimulating the immune system might be an effective way to treat cancer. Looking at the question in another way, Paul Ehrlich thought that cancers might be much more common if not for the vigilance of the immune system. In 1967, Macfarlane Burnet suggested that eliminating malignant cells was one of the most important functions of the immune system. Similarly, Lewis Thomas said that lymphocytes might be involved in “immunosurveillance”—patrolling the body and eliminating malignant cells. By 2000 oncologists generally agreed that the evidence that the immune system can recognize and eliminate tumors was substantial, if not totally compelling. Immunotherapy has been the subject of many proof-of-concept clinical trials—preclinical studies and pilot trials enrolling patients with a wide range of cancer types.
The synergistic antitumor activity of 3-(2-nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel nanoparticles (NPPA-PTX NPs) and anti-PD-L1 antibody inducing immunogenic cell death
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Xiao-Chuan Duan, Li-Yuan Peng, Xin Yao, Mei-Qi Xu, Hui Li, Shuai-Qiang Zhang, Zhuo-Yue Li, Jing-Ru Wang, Zhen-Han Feng, Guang-Xue Wang, Ai Liao, Ying Chen, Xuan Zhang
Cancer immunotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that stimulates the body’s immune system against tumors, it is quickly becoming the future of cancer treatment in modern times (Couzin-Frankel, 2013). Up to now, the best and most successful strategy is to block the checkpoint molecules which suppress the antitumor immunity to reactivate the immune system, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy using monoclonal antibodies to block the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has emerged as a promising approach for clinical treatments of cancers such as bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (Powles et al., 2014; Peters et al., 2017; Rittmeyer et al., 2017). Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the immune suppression caused by tumorigenesis (Dunn et al., 2002; Vinay et al., 2015), thereby reactivating the T cells, leading to the rediscovery and eradication of tumor cells by the host immune system.
Cancer immunotherapy using a polysaccharide from Codium fragile in a murine model
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Hae-Bin Park, Seong-Min Lim, Juyoung Hwang, Wei Zhang, SangGuan You, Jun-O Jin
Recent studies have produced significant advances in the use of immunotherapies in cancer treatment, and we have seen the development of anti-cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade strategies,1–3 and chimeric antigen (Ag) receptor T cell therapies.4 Cancer immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy which uses the immune cells of the body to combat the disease. The immune system has the ability to recall Ags and may contribute, as a memory response, to the prevention of secondary exposures to the same Ags.5 As many patients with cancer have metastasis and relapse after tumor removal, cancer Ag-specific immune activation may serve as a strategy for preventing cancer metastasis. Therapeutic cancer vaccines rely on Ag-specific immune responses, including activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T (Th) cells, as well as production of antibodies (Abs) by memory cells to prevent cancer regeneration.6
The promising role of monoclonal antibodies for immunotherapy of the HIV-associated cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2018
Omid Rezahosseini, Sara Hanaei, Mehdi Hamadani, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, Nima Rezaei
More recently, in the last century, scientists found that the immune system could potentially detect and destroy cancer cells8 through different mechanisms as the Coley's toxin, which was the bacterial extracts from Serratiamarcescens and Streptococcus pyogenes that could stimulate immune system against tumors.9,10 Therefore, as the leading result of researches, a new era started for treatment of cancers, which was introduced as immunotherapy, defined as treatment of cancer or inhibition of cancer cells by amplifying or generating immune response against them.11 Cancer immunotherapy could be categorized into some specific classes including immune checkpoint therapy, adoptive cellular therapy, cancer treatment vaccines, immune system modulators (like interferon alfa2) and therapeutic antibodies.8
Related Knowledge Centers
- Antibody
- Cancer Cell
- Cancer Immunology
- Protein
- Immune System
- Cancer
- Antigen
- Oncology
- Tumor Antigen
- T-Cell Receptor