Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Several hundred commercial products contain chlorophenoxy herbicides (Figure 7.58) in various concentrations and combinations. The following are names of widely advertised formulations (in some cases, the same name is used for products with different ingredients; exact composition must, therefore, be determined from product labels): 2,4-D; Agrotec; Amoxone; Aqua-Kleen; BH 2,4-D; Chipco Turf Herbicide “D”; Chloroxone Crop Rider; D50; Dacamine 4D; Ded-Weed; Desoromone; Dinoxol; DMA4, Dormone; Emulsamine BK; Emulsamine E-3; Envert DT or 171; Esteron 99 Concentrate; Esteron 4; Esteron Brush Killer; Estone; Fernoxone; Fernimine; Ferxone; Fernesta; Formula 40; Hedonal; Herbidal; Lawn-Keep; Macondray; Miracle; Netagrone 600; Pennamine D; Planotox; Plantgard; Rhodia; Salvo (a product of identical name marketed by the Crystal Chemical Company contains cacodylic acid as the active ingredient); Spritz-Hormin/2,4-D; Spritz-Hormit/2,4-D; Superoromone Concentre; Super D Weedone; Transamine; U46; Verton 2D; Visko-Rhap; Weed-B-Gon; Weedar; Weed-Rhap, Weed Tox; Weedtrol; De Broussaillant 600; Lithate; Dicotox; Field Clean Weed Killer. 2,4-DB is the butyric acid homolog of 2,4-D. Dichlorprop is the propionic acid homolog. 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) (Brush-Rhap, Dacamine 4T, De Broussaillant Concentre, Ded-Weed Brush Killer, Esteron 245, Fence Rider, Forron, Inverton 245, Line Rider, Spontox, Super D Weedone, Transamine, Trinoxol, Trioxone, U46, Veon 245, Verton 2T, Weedar, Weedone Envert T).4
Metallic poisons *
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
The fatal dose of arsenic trioxide is about 120 mg. In the USA, the allowable food residue is limited by federal law to 1.4 mg/kg. The exposure limit for arsine is 0.05 ppm (NIOSH 0.002 mg/m3); for arsenic, arsenic acid, arsenates, arsenites, and other compounds of arsenic, it is 0.5 mg/m3 (NIOSH 0.002 mg/m3). Organic arsenicals, such as arsphenamine, acetarsone, methane arsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic (cacodylic) acid, release arsenic slowly and are therefore less likely to cause acute poisoning, although at least one fatality has occurred from the vaginal use of acetarsone suppositories. The fatal dose for these compounds is estimated at 0.1–0.5 g/kg.
Organotin Chemistry
Nate F. Cardarelli in Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Bunsen was aware of the toxic effects of cacodylic acid,94 but it was Paul Ehrlich (1854 to 1915)95 who began systematic work on the organoarsenic compounds as anti-parasitic agents in medicine. His stupendous story is worth recounting here since it led in 1910 to the synthesis of the first drug specifically designed to overwhelm an invading microorganism without offending the host and opened the whole field of chemotherapy (a word Ehrlich coined).
Dimethylarsinic acid modulates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes in C57BL/6 mice: in vivo study
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Osama H. Elshenawy, Ghada Abdelhamid, Hassan N. Althurwi, Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
The fate of arsenic in the human body is complex. Once absorbed, arsenate (As(V)) is reduced to arsenite (As(III)) mainly in the blood and liver, with some reduction probably occurring in the gastrointestinal tract and the stomach. As(III) is then taken into cells and methylated intracellularly to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V); cacodylic acid), dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) (Aposhian et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2006). Though biomethylation was considered a detoxification process, recent studies have demonstrated that organic metabolites of arsenic could play a predominant role in arsenic toxic and carcinogenic effects (Elshenawy & El-Kadi, 2015a,b; Hughes, 2009; Martinez et al., 2011). In addition, studies revealed that, cells with higher rates of arsenic metabolism have increased susceptibility to DNA oxidative damage and induction of tumorigenesis (Pace et al., 2016).
High-protein diet associated with resistance training reduces cardiac TNF-α levels and up-regulates MMP-2 activity in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Murilo Esteves Nogueira, Ivo Vieira Sousa Neto, Daisy Motta-Santos, Ana Paula de Castro Cantuária, Stella Maris de Freitas Lima, Taia Maria Berto Rezende, Hugo Alexandre de Paula Santana, Bernardo Assis Petriz, Rita de Cássia Marqueti, Jeeser Alves Almeida
Gelatine Zymography was performed to measure MMP-2 activity. Frozen heart tissue with ∼25 mg of the LV were homogenised in a tube containing 1 ml of extraction buffer (10 mmol.L−1 cacodylic acid, 0.15 mol.L−1 NaCl, 1 mol.L−1 ZnCl2, 20 mmol.L−1 CaCl2, 1.5 mmol.L−1 NaN3 and 0.01% Triton X-100), five stainless steel balls (BioSpec Products, Bartlesville, OK, USA) and three silicon-carbide sharp particles by being shaken in a FastPrep-24 instrument (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA). Then, the solution was centrifuged for 30 min (13000 g at 4 °C), and a NanoDrop® spectrophotometer (ND-1000; NanoDrop Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA) was used to quantify the protein concentrations.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Formula
- Arsenic
- Herbicide
- Buffer Solution
- Electron Microscope
- X-Ray Crystallography
- Potassium Acetate
- Cadet'S Fuming Liquid
- Cacodyl Oxide
- Cacodyl