Food Additives
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Bromine, a chemical belonging to the same group as chlorine and iodine, is a food additive found in flour and some fruit-flavored soft drinks. By competing with iodine, bromine disrupts the thyroid gland and interferes with the production of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. In addition, potassium bromate is a category 2B carcinogen, which has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. While banned from use as a food additive in Europe and Canada, bromine is still used in baked goods and soft drinks in the United States [34,35].
Ethnic Hair Care Products
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
The permanent waving of excessively curly hair is generally conducted in three steps: A “rearranger creme” containing high levels of ammonium thioglycolate adjusted to a pH of 9.3 to 9.5 is applied to new growth of the freshly shampooed hair. Its purpose is to straighten hair in preparation for wrapping hair onto perm rollers. A rearranger creme can also be called “reducing creme” and it consists of two strengths. The normal strength is formulated to straighten fine to medium and color-treated hair. It contains 6.9% to 7.1% active thioglycolic acid at a pH of 9.3 preferably. The resistant strength is formulated to straighten coarse, resistant hair and contains 7.3% to 7.5% active thioglycolic acid at a preferred pH of 9.3.Once the rearranger creme has straightened the excessively curly hair and it is rinsed out, booster or reducing lotion is applied. The hair is then wrapped on the desired diameter roller and processed under a heated dryer for 15 to 20 minutes. A few rollers are unwound to ensure the formation of an “S” pattern, and the hair is rinsed. The curl booster or reducing lotion contains 3.6% to 4.0% thioglycolic acid at a preferred pH of 9.0.A neutralizer or oxidizing lotion containing sodium bromate is applied and left on the hair for 15 to 20 minutes. The perm rollers are removed and the hair is rinsed. The neutralizer contains 10–13% of sodium bromate at a preferred pH of 6.8. It is advisable to use neutralizer containing sodium bromate on excessively curly hair since this type of hair is generally dark in color and the sodium bromate of the neutralizer does not lift the natural color of the hair, as can happen with hydrogen peroxide—based neutralizers.
Oral administration of a potassium bromate dosage: Determination and evaluation of accumulated bromate on the liver of male mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mousa Othman Germoush, Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaimi, Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami, Zeid Abdullah Alothman, Hazim Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Saad Algamdi, Abdullah Mohammed Aldawsari
A stock solution (1000 mg L−1) of bromate was prepared by dissolving 1.304 g of potassium bromate in 1 liter deionized water. Then, dissolve a series of concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.080 mg L−1 was prepared from the standard bromate for both instrument calibration and standard addition purposes. From the stock solution of BrO3−, different concentration doses (0.01, 0.025, 0.10, 1, 10, and 30 mg L−1) were prepared in order to give the mice groups in drinking water by mouth.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bromide
- Chemical Compound
- Ozone
- Potassium Hydroxide
- Carcinogen
- Ion
- Oxyanion
- Sodium Bromate
- Potassium Bromate
- Chloralkali Process