A Brief Review of Cancer
C.S. Sureka, C. Armpilia in Radiation Biology for Medical Physicists, 2017
Excluded in the aforementioned sorts recorded are metastatic malignancies; this is on the grounds that metastatic tumor cells more often than not emerge from a cell sort recorded earlier and the real contrast from the earlier sorts is that these cells are currently present in a tissue from which the growth cells did not initially emerge. Thus, if the expressions “metastatic malignancy” is utilized, for exactness, the tissue from which the growth cells emerged ought to be incorporated. For instance, a patient may state they have or are determined to have “metastatic growth”; however, the more exact explanation is “metastatic” (bosom, lung, colon, or other sort) malignancy with spread to the organ in which it has been found. Another illustration is the following: A specialist depicting a man whose prostate disease has spread to his bones ought to state that the man has a metastatic spread of prostate tumor to the bone. This is not “bone tumor,” which would be malignancy that began in the bone cells. Metastatic prostate growth to bone is dealt with uniquely in contrast to spread of lung disease to the bone.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita in Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Bone cancer can be osteolytic (bone destroying, as in multiple myeloma, breast, kidney, and thyroid cancer), osteosclerotic (bone-forming, as in prostate, bladder, and lung cancer), or mixed osteolytic and osteosclerotic (as in breast and lung cancer). In vivo studies have shown that cancerinduced resorption is due to the activity of osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone), and is not a direct effect of the cancer itself. Overall, osteolytic lesions result from greater osteoclast than osteoblast cellular activity, resulting in uncoupled bone resorption. That is, there is no negative feedback mechanism to halt the process [20]. Increased numbers of osteoclasts have been shown in animal models of bone cancer; these high numbers may correlate with bone cancer pain. Limiting osteoclastic activity in bone metastases may reduce bone cancer pain [21]. Both osteolytic and osteoblastic cancers are characterized by osteoclast proliferation and hypertrophy [22].
Radiation Carcinogenesis: Human Model
Kedar N. Prasad in Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Primary cancers of the bone have been induced by high doses of therapeutic X-rays and by α-emitters.42–58 Osteosarcomas are the most common form of bone tumor. The incidence of osteosarcoma in the normal population is 1/200,000. Table 19.4 summarizes the results of several studies. The threshold skeletal dose from 224Ra for the induction of osteosarcoma is 67–90 rads.51 A recent study52 shows that the threshold for accumulative radiation dose to induce bone tumor is 50–110 rads for mice, dogs, and humans. The accumulative dose required to give significant cancer risk is much less at lower dose rates than at higher dose rates, i.e., the higher dose rate produces more tumor. Based on German patients who received 224Ra, the risk of bone sarcoma is 54 cases per 106 patients per year/rad after a single injections and 200 cases per 106/rad after multiple injection.51 The therapeutic radiation dose of 3000 rads (fractionated) may induce osteosarcoma.60 The latent period under conditions of continuous radiation could be as long as 52 years.54
Bone tumors effective therapy through functionalized hydrogels: current developments and future expectations
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Ruyi Shao, Yeben Wang, Laifeng Li, Yongqiang Dong, Jiayi Zhao, Wenqing Liang
Bone cancer is a type of tumor that develops in the bone and kills normal bone tissues. It might be benign or cancerous. The tumor grows and compresses the normal bone tissues in both cases, however benign tumors lack the ability to metastasize and therefore do not spread to other organs of the body. Benign bone tumors can progress to malignancy and pose a risk if remain untreated. Benign bone tumors include osteochondroma, osteoma, osteoblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, and enchondroma (Hakim et al., 2015). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bone cancers are classified as primary or secondary tumors (Sisu et al., 2012) and categorized over 45 distinct forms of bone tumors in 2002 based on their findings. Among the many kinds of bone tumors, Osteosarcoma is the most common and major type of bone tumor, accounting for 31.5% of all cases, followed by angiosarcoma (1.4%), malignant fibrous histitocytoma (5.7%), chondroma (8.4%), Ewing’s sarcoma (16%), and chondrosarcoma (25.8%) (Sisu et al., 2012; Jemal et al., 2005). Secondary bone tumors are usually malignant and develop as a result of soft tissue metastasizing tumors in the breast, liver, or lung. As per the American Cancer Society, the number of joint and bone cancer diagnoses and deaths rises each year (Miller et al., 2019).
Investigation of anticancer activities of STA-9090 (ganetespib) as a second generation HSP90 inhibitor in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common bone cancer type of children and young people. In the world, osteosarcoma is the third common cancer type among children and teens after lymphomas and brain cancer cases. This neoplasm develops either in femur and tibia bone, and humerus bone in the upper arm. Especially, radiation and genetic factors cause formation of osteosarcoma, but its molecular mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood yet.1–4 Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are applied for treatment of patients with osteosarcoma, however; long-term survival rate is not at the desired level. Approximately twenty percent of osteosarcoma has ability to spread over lung, brain, and other bones. Survival ratio of osteosarcoma patients are estimated around 60–70% and 20-30% in the non-metastatic and metastatic conditions, respectively. Chemotherapy is still the most effective treatment method for early and advanced stage of osteosarcoma and its metastases.5–7 Therefore, for alternative treatment options, researchers have been focussed on the development of next generation drugs for treatment of osteosarcoma and its metastases.
AAV-mediated siRNA against TRPV1 reduces nociception in a rat model of bone cancer pain
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Shuangli Zhang, Jun Zhao, Qinggang Meng
The most common types of cancer, including breast, prostate and lung cancer, tend to metastasize to the bones. As bone remodeling progresses, severe spontaneous pain often occurs, which the occurrence and severity of such pain may be acute and unpredictable [1]. An epidemiological study showed that 75% to 90% of patients with metastatic or advanced cancer will experience severe cancer-induced pain [2]. Bone cancer pain is a common symptom in patients with advanced cancer. The functional status and quality life of patients may be particularly debilitating due to bone cancer pain [1,3]. Generally, the treatment of pain from bone metastases involves the use of multiple complementary approaches including radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy, bisphosphonates, calcitonin and analgesics [1,4]. However, bone cancer pain is a chronic pain that is very difficult to fully control since metastasis is usually not limited to a single site [4]. Moreover, the efficacy of commonly used analgesics, such as NSAIDS [4] and opioids [5,6] is limited, because of their significant adverse side effects in the treatment of cancer pain. Accordingly, there is a need to develop new strategies for the treatment of cancer pain with acceptable adverse side effects.