Potential of Herbal Extracts and Bioactive Compounds for Human Healthcare
Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan in The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
The characteristic features of all tumor cells are continuous improper signals of cell growth or cell multiplication, programed cell death interruption, an endless number of cell growth, developing excessive blood vessel network, tissue invasion, and metastasis [332]. Carcinoma cancers are formed from epithelial cells that are most common among prostate, breast, pancreas, colon, and lung cancer. The sarcoma cancers (formed from cartilage, bone, fat, and nerve tissues) develop mesenchymal cells on the outside of bone marrow. However, the lymphoma or leukemia is formed from hematopoietic cells on bone marrow that mature in parts of lymph and blood vessels. The germ-cell tumor is formed from embryonic stem cells that are mostly present in the testis or ovary, particularly called seminoma and dysgerminoma. The blastoma cancers are also formed from immature embryonic stem cells.
Biphasic Neoplasms of the Lung and Pleura
Philip T. Cagle, Timothy C. Allen, Mary Beth Beasley in Diagnostic Pulmonary Pathology, 2008
The glandular component of pulmonary blastoma consists of well-differentiated tubules lined by columnar epithelium with varying degrees of stratification. Perinuclear vacuoles are generally visible, imparting an “endometrioid” appearance to the glands. Nuclei are typically hyperchromatic, oval, and relatively uniform and cytoplasm is eosinophilic to clear (Fig. 6). Morule formation may also be present (Fig. 7). The mesenchymal component, as the name implies, has a primitive blastemous appearance and a “small blue cell pattern.” The cells tend to condense around the glandular component. The mesenchymal component may occasionally contain elements of chondrosarcoma, osetosarcoma (Fig. 8), or rarely rhabdomyosarcoma. The diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma is typically made histologically, and immunohistochemical studies are of limited use. The glandular component is positive for epithelial markers, and morules may also be positive for neuroendocrine markers. The mesenchymal component is positive for vimentin and, depending on whether heterologous differentiation is present, may also be positive for actin, desmin, and S-100 (1).
Renal tumours
Brice Antao, S Irish Michael, Anthony Lander, S Rothenberg MD Steven in Succeeding in Paediatric Surgery Examinations, 2017
Mesonephric blastoma accounts for 3%–10% of all paediatric renal tumours and is the most common renal tumour in those under 3 months of age. Ninety per cent of patients with mesonephric blastoma are diagnosed within the first year of life. Many are diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound scan, with associated features including polyhydramnios, hydrops and premature delivery. Boys are affected twice as commonly as girls. There are two recognised histological subtypes, cellular and classic (mixed is also recognised). Nephrectomy is usually sufficient because of the relatively benign course. Ninety-five per cent of patients do not relapse, and the 5% who do relapse have the cellular variant of the disease.
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Developing in a Case of Misinterpreted Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation: a Case Report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Moupali Ghosh, Nelofar Islam, Arindam Ghosh, Priyanka Maity Chaudhuri, Koushik Saha, Uttara Chatterjee
FNAC of the mass showed highly cellular smears composed of sheets and ball like configurations of cohesive cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and minimal cytoplasm resembling blastemal elements. There was a smaller component of spindle shaped and pale stromal cells with some myxoid material in the background. Mitotic figures were present. The features were those of a small round cell tumor of infancy and the possibility of pleuropulmonary blastoma was suggested (Fig. 3). Trucut biopsy from the mass showed a hypercellular tumor composed of oval to spindle cells, arranged in diffuse sheets with a few cystic spaces. In focal areas, the tumor showed blastemal elements arranged in a nodular pattern. The cells showed features of nuclear pleomorphism, irregular nuclear outlines, variation in shape and size and marked hyperchromasia. A few multinucleated tumor giant cells were present. Mitotic figures were easily identified including abnormal forms. Epithelial elements or other heterologous elements were lacking. IHC showed positivity for vimentin and was negative for desmin, myogenin, CD99, Bcl 2, LCA, synaptophysin, chromogranin, cytokeratin beta-catenin, and FLI-1 (Fig. 4). Based on the histology and IHC pattern, a diagnosis of high grade PPB, possibly type II was made.
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung arising in a type 1 congenital pulmonary airway malformation in a 68-year-old patient: a case report
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
A. E. Frick, H. Decaluwé, B. Weynand, M. Proesmans, D. Van Raemdonck
The development of a congenital parenchymatous lung disorder, known as congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), has previously been described as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) with an estimated incidence at 1:25,000–1:35,000 births. The classification by Stocker et al. in 1977 originally described 3 different subtypes and was later expanded and renamed into 5 subtypes on the basis of clinical and pathological features [1–3]. Most congenital CPAMs are uncommon and primarily identified in infants and in adults. Depending on the type of CPAM, clinical presentation and prognosis are different. Typical symptoms are recurrent pulmonary infection, productive cough, and hemoptysis. Some patients remain asymptomatic [4]. A number of reports have been published describing the association of adenocarcinoma with type 1 CPAM. The occurrence of rhabdomyosarcoma or pleuropulmonary blastoma arising in a CPAM has also been rarely documented [5,6].
Pleuropulmonary blastoma: Difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of a case in Vietnam
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2021
Bui Ngoc Lan, Le Thi Kim Ngoc, Hoang Ngoc Thach, Phan Canh Duy
PPB is a dysembryonic neoplasm of thoraco-pulmonary mesenchyme, which arises from either lungs or pleural surface, or even both. Histopathology of pleuropulmonary blastoma tumors are divided into 3 types: type I cystic form (14%) observed in infants and young children less than 10 months old, type II mixed (cystic/solid) form (48%) observed in children older than 2-3 years old, type III, completely solid (38%) observed older children older than 4 years old.2 Prognosis deteriorates from type I (cystic form) to type III (solid form).3 A germline mutation in DICER1 is the genetic cause in the majority of PPB cases.5 During the initial admission, the patient’s chest CT scan revealed a tumor dominantly cystic. The lesion was similar to CCAM. At 2 years old, this age is consistent with the study of Messinger YH et al., which shows that more than 97% of tumors in children under 3 years old are type I and in children under 4 years old are type II.2 This was the cause of the initial misdiagnosis.
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