Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bladder cancer affects about 3.5 million people globally, with 430,000 new cases diagnosed every year, resulting in close to 200,000 deaths. Age of onset is most often between 65 and 85 years of age. Blood in the urine is the most common symptom in bladder cancer. Other symptoms include pain during urination (dysuria), frequent urination, and lower back pain. However, these signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer and may also be caused by noncancerous conditions, including prostate infections, overactive bladder or cystitis. Risk factors include smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma, while other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is typically made by cystoscopy and tissue biopsy, while staging is determined by computed tomography (CT) scan and bone scan.
Urologie Pain
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
While bladder cancer can occur at any age, it is usually detected in middle age or later; the median age at diagnosis for women is 71 years and for men 69 years of age (Lynch & Cohen, 1995). The most common symptom with which a patient with bladder cancer presents is painless hematuria (macroscopic or microscopic blood in the urine), which occurs in up to 80% of patients with bladder cancer (Schoenberg, 2002). The second most common symptom is one or more of a complex of irritative voiding symptoms including dysuria (pain with urination), frequency, and urgency (Schoenberg, 2002). This type of presentation may be observed with carcinoma in situ or invasive bladder cancer. It is unusual for patients with bladder cancer who present with this symptom complex not to have hematuria, although if irritative voiding symptoms are present in the absence of hematuria and in the absence of infection, full evaluation for bladder cancer must be performed. The urinary tract is typically assessed with renal ultrasound to evaluate the renal parenchyma and with intravenous pyelogram and cystoscopy or retrograde pyelogram and cystoscopy to assess the entirety of the urothelium from collecting system within the kidney to the bladder.
Bladder Cancers
Peter G. Shields in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
Tobacco smoking is a well-known cause of bladder cancer—accounting for more than 50% bladder cancers in men and 20% in women, in Western societies—and is a source of arylamines (6). Air-cured (black) tobacco, is particularly rich in arylamines such as 4-aminobiphenyl; smokers of black tobacco have a risk of bladder cancer that is about 2.5-fold in comparison with smokers of flue-cured blond tobacco (7). Studies of “molecular epidemiology” have suggested that smokers of air-cured black tobacco have higher levels of 4-aminobiphenyl–hemoglobin adducts (a marker of internal dose) in their blood, compared to smokers of flue-cured tobacco (8). Biopsies of bladder cancer from smokers contain a DNA adduct identified as a derivative of 4-aminobiphenyl (9). This same DNA adduct was present in exfoliated bladder cells of smokers (10); the presence and concentration of the DNA adducts was strongly correlated with 4-amino biphenyl–hemoglobin adducts but not with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide, a metabolite of benzopyrene (11) (Table 1; the derivative of 4-aminobiphenyl is adduct 4). The latter observation suggests that arylamines and not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke may be responsible of bladder cancer in smokers.
Current status of the development of intravesical drug delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Ho Yub Yoon, Hee Mang Yang, Chang Hyun Kim, Yoon Tae Goo, Myung Joo Kang, Sangkil Lee, Young Wook Choi
Although extensive research has been performed to overcome limitations in cancer therapy, cancer still results in high mortality worldwide [1,2]. Bladder cancer ranks among the top 10 most common malignancies worldwide, with approximately 550 000 new cases annually [3]. It is also one of the five leading causes of cancer death, especially in men over the age of 80. The 5-year relative survival rate is reported to be approximately 77%, and 51% of all cases are diagnosed before the tumor has spread beyond the layer of cells in which it developed [4]. Bladder cancer is characterized by abnormal cells that proliferate in the urothelial lining of the urinary bladder, with stages varying from 0 to IV, which defines the disease progression. Generally, bladder cancer is classified into non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which accounts for 70% of cases at diagnosis, and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which is observed in approximately 30% of the patients [4,5]. Unfortunately, 70% of the patients develop tumor recurrence within 5 years, with 25% progressing to MIBC after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) [5]. This makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive malignancies to treat owing to the necessity of frequent cystoscopic surveillance and re-treatment [5].
Incidence, mortality and relative survival of patients with cancer of the bladder and upper urothelial tract in the Nordic countries between 1990 and 2019
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2023
Eemil Karttunen, Petteri Hervonen, Abolfazl Hosseini Aliabad, Jan Oldenburg, Helle Pappot, Jukka Sairanen, Henrik Støvring, Juan Luis Vásquez, Suzanne Bergman, Gry Magnussen, Pernille Norremark, Steinar Thoresen, Anders Ullén
Five-year relative survival improved in men in all countries, from ≈ 70% in 1990 through 1994 to ≈ 80% in 2015 through 2019. Women had lower 5-year relative survival rates than men across all age groups. Previous studies containing detailed data from Norway and Sweden have challenged the commonly held view of bladder cancer prognosis being worse in women than men [17,18]. Their analyses found that both Norwegian and Swedish women had a worse prognosis than men only in the first 2 years after diagnosis, particularly when diagnosed with a muscle-invasive tumor. This discrepancy might be attributable to advanced disease being diagnosed more often in women than men, suggesting delayed diagnosis in women. Blood in urine is often the first sign of bladder cancer, and men may see this symptom earlier than women because of physiological differences.
Occupational variation in bladder cancer in Nordic males adjusted with approximated smoking prevalence
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Kishor Hadkhale, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kristina Kjærheim, Pär Sparén, Laufey Tryggvadóttir, Elsebeth Lynge, Eero Pukkala
Tobacco-smoking and occupational exposure, are the leading risk factors for bladder cancer. It has been estimated that occupational exposure may account for as many as 20% of all the bladder cancer cases in industrialized countries, and it is the second most important risk factor after smoking [1,2]. Workplace exposure to chemical carcinogens such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been associated with increased risk of bladder cancer among painters, printers, drivers, hairdressers, launderers, and miners [2,3]. Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women, and the risk increases with age. In the Nordic countries, it is the fifth most common cancer in men. Age-standardized incidence rates increased until 1990, with the highest incidence in Denmark and the lowest in Finland [4]. There have been temporal changes in exposure to workplace carcinogens in the Nordic countries. According to the FINJEM, exposure to carcinogens such as benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and asbestos have substantially decreased in Finland from 1950 to 2008 [5]. Similarly, a Danish study reported decreased exposure to trichloroethylene by 4% from 1947 to 1964 and by 15% from 1964 to 1989 [6]. Another Danish study observed similar decreased trend of exposure to styrene, toluene and xylene over the period of 1955–1988 [7]. A Norwegian study reported a decreasing trend in exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among the Norwegian industry workers [8]. Overall, the carcinogenic exposures have decreased in last 20 years in the Nordic and in some other industrialized countries [9,10].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bladder
- Dysuria
- Epithelium
- Hematuria
- Smoking
- Tissue
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Cancer
- Radiation Therapy
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma