Ecological Factors in Gastroenteritis
E. J. Clegg, J. P. Garlick in Disease and Urbanization, 1980
To determine the ecological factors here, let us first consider the seasonal variation of gastroenteritis. Over the last four years, there has been a striking relationship with the rains. The picture for 1977 is illustrated in Fig. 2. In each year the increase in the prevalence of diarrhoea preceded the onset of the rains by about 4 to 6 weeks (being least striking in the 1977 data). This may be because the rise in humidity enhances the survival of pathogens, but there are other possibilities. There is a period of water shortage every year towards the end of the dry season before the new rains replenish the water table. The six wells which supply the village are only about 20 m deep and two at least may dry up during bad years. There is, therefore, a shortage of water. The fly population at this time was not studied, but experience elsewhere suggests that the numbers would not reach a peak until the rains were well established.
Environment and health
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter in Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
By 2025, it is estimated that half the global population will live in water-stressed areas. The pressures come from population growth, increasing urbanization and intensification of agriculture. As in most adverse aspects of global health, the absence of safe, clean water is most strongly linked to poverty. Finding solutions (again in common with other global health areas) not only is about resources and infrastructure but also involves the complex mix of political, social, economic and cultural factors that determine how policy decisions are taken and how progress and development occur. Climate change is also an important part of the water health dynamic. Its precise points of impact are difficult to predict, because its effects on precipitation and the hydrological cycle are complex, but it will cause severe water shortages in some regions of the world. There are well-documented areas of water conflict, where disputes arise over water as a resource for both domestic use and irrigation.
Water Pollution and Medicinal Plants
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Over the last century, pollution has become an aggravated threat due to rapid urbanization, anthropogenic activities, and industrialization which disturb the health of plants, animals, and especially humankind. Considering the human perspective, at present, industrialization is acting as a major cause of water scarcity and water pollution, especially for humans living in developing countries. For example, as per sources of World water, the water per human, as well as water quality, is decreasing exponentially in India (Figure 6.1). Humans and animals can tackle this alarming state because of their ability to move from one state to another. However, in this situation, the plants under cultivation, as well as forest regions, suffer most. Plants especially of economic importance cannot escape from the impacts of these stressful conditions due to their sessile nature. Pollution from toxic gases, agricultural waste, industrial runoff, sewage sludge, and many environmental perturbations are also degrading the health of medicinal plants.
Drought-related cholera outbreaks in Africa and the implications for climate change: a narrative review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Gina E. C. Charnley, Ilan Kelman, Kris A. Murray
Disruption to rural livelihoods accelerates urban expansion, forcing people into urban areas to find work. This increases unplanned urban growth which can lead to poverty and creation and expansion of informal urban settlements, a suggested risk for cholera [19,38]. Displacement to urban areas can lead to vulnerable living conditions due to unplanned urban development and sprawl, as infrastructure cannot improve in line with population growth [26–29]. Issues in urban development include a lack of health-care facilities and often an uncontrolled informal health-care sectors, which can contribute to antimicrobial resistance and increased mortality rates [29,30]. During cholera outbreaks, this can also lead to a lack of oral rehydration therapy, which can significantly increase mortality [17]. Rapid increases in urban population cause water shortages, with Douala in Cameroon suggesting that only 40% of the city’s needs were met. Low flow, poor access, and insufficient municipal services are issues, leading to septic tank dumping, stagnation, and resultant contamination [29]. This forced residents to improvise with new sources of water, which are often shared for multiple purposes, such as livestock, washing, cooking, and drinking. Wells are often un-regulated and un-protected making them vulnerable to bacterial contamination [28], while private wells dug by residents are often shallow (<1 m), making them liable to contamination [17,29].
Parametric inference of the process capability index for exponentiated exponential distribution
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Mahendra Saha, Sanku Dey, Saralees Nadarajah
Although the ML method is a highly popular method for estimation, it does not always give the best estimates. Other methods including the ones we consider can give better estimates. There are many examples. Karplus et al. [29] find that moment-matching methods can fit the tails better than ML methods. Ekström [24] discusses situations where the MPS method works better than the ML method. While calibrating E-values for hidden Markov models, Pan et al. [35] show evidence to suggest that a Bayesian estimator is generally better than ML estimator. While estimating a random coefficient autoregressive model, Araveeporn [1] shows evidence to suggest that the LS method can perform better than the ML method. While predicting water shortage, Qian et al. [43] show that a maximum entropy method performs much better than ML method. While considering statistical inference for the lifetime performance index of products with Pareto distribution, Zhang and Gui [53] find that a Bayesian estimator is far better than ML estimator, and the Bayesian estimator based on informative prior has the best performance. In the simulation section later on, the MPS method is shown to give better estimates than the ML method
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
According to the United Nations Sustainable Development report (UNSD 2017), approximately 2.2 billion people worldwide are deprived of safe drinking water. The 2030 agenda for sustainable development has adopted clean water and sanitation as one of the sustainable development goals and propounded that water scarcity would displace around 700 billion people worldwide by 2030. Water scarcity and deteriorating water quality have loomed into a massive threat to people around the world. Around half of the world's total population depends on groundwater as a drinking resource (Shukla and Saxena, 2020a, 2020b). The United Nations (UN) report (2015) states that the groundwater that accounts for 0.61% of total water resource serves 43% of global irrigation in addition to serving the drinking needs. Increasing demand of water for drinking, irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes has deteriorated the groundwater levels to become a major concern in 21st century (Oki and Akana 2016, Kawo and Karuppannan 2018).
Related Knowledge Centers
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