Water reuse *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Water reuse is the practice of using water that has already been used. The terms “reclaimed water,” “recycled water” and “reused water” are used interchangeably. Water reuse can be defined as, “Wastewater treated or processed to a certain standard suitable for reuse.” This recovered water can serve as a source for many different applications; however, its quality must be tailored to the requirements of the end usage. The main objective of this chapter is to review the current technologies for water reuse and their applications in various parts of the world. The health and water quality issues of wastewater reuse and the future of water reuse are also discussed.
The influence of chlorination timing and concentration on microbial communities in labyrinth channels: implications for biofilm removal
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Peng Song, Bo Zhou, Gary Feng, John P. Brooks, Hongxu Zhou, Zhirui Zhao, Yaoze Liu, Yunkai Li
The reuse of unconventional water resources such as reclaimed water, which has been widely used for industrial (circulating cooling water and boiler water), municipal, landscaping and irrigation purposes, has attracted great attention due to the increasing shortage of water resources (NC DENR 2011; NAS 2012; ATSE 2017; WHO 2017). However, the growth of biofilms in the pipelines is one of the dangers of using reclaimed water (Dutkiewicz and Fallowfield 1998; Boulay and Edwards 2001; Jin, Wu, He, et al. 2014). Reclaimed water has high salt content, organic matter and nutrients, and microorganisms (Pedrero et al. 2010). As a result, the inner surfaces of pipelines are in contact with the reclaimed water for a significant time, and can become colonized by biofilm-forming bacteria (Ragusa et al. 2004). Approximately 95% of the bacteria in the pipelines are in biofilms attached on the inner walls of the pipelines (Simões et al. 2010), and these have impacts on water quality (Luo et al. 2013). The formation and control mechanisms of attached biofilms within the pipes are well known. Studies have focused on areas such as water quality in pipelines (Helbling and Van Briesen 2007), effects and hazards of pipeline biocorrosion (Choi et al. 2002; Liu et al. 2011; Kakooei et al. 2012; Usher et al. 2014; Jin Wu, Zhang, et al. 2014), and the activity of sterilizing agents (Cloete et al. 1998; Han et al. 2008).
Induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei by 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (oxybenzone) in human lymphocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Alfredo Santovito, Stefano Ruberto, Gabriella Galli, Costanza Menghi, Marilena Girotti, Piero Cervella
However, from ecological point of view, the increasing use of UV filters constitutes a potential risk for the environment. Indeed, these filters are often inert in traditional wastewater treatment processes, and thus have the potential to contaminate the reclaimed water system, natural water bodies, and drinking water resources (Xiao et al.2013). Moreover, these chemicals are also directly released into surface waters through swimming, bathing, leaching of land, and house coatings. As a final result, BP-3 and other UV-filter components were detected in several environmental matrices such as in surface and tap waters and in sediments (Balmer et al.2005, Gago-Ferrero et al.2011, Kameda et al.2011). In particular, BP3 has been detected at levels of up to some μg/L in raw wastewater, at tens to several hundreds ng/L in treated wastewater, up to a hundred ng/L in lake water and at ng/g levels in solid matrices and in biota (Vione et al.2013).
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